Therapists in Atascadero, CA

Photo of Teryn Little, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Teryn Little
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atascadero, CA 93422  (Online Only)
I believe that we all come into this world as our original precious self. As we develop through childhood experiences, family, culture and society, we often lose touch with our true soul. Oftentimes we are hurt. Challenges and traumas can keep these hurts buried. Any issues left unacknowledged or unresolved keep demanding our attention. How do we overcome? Is it even possible to heal? According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way a bee should be able to fly. Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies away anyway because bees don't care what humans think is impossible...
I believe that we all come into this world as our original precious self. As we develop through childhood experiences, family, culture and society, we often lose touch with our true soul. Oftentimes we are hurt. Challenges and traumas can keep these hurts buried. Any issues left unacknowledged or unresolved keep demanding our attention. How do we overcome? Is it even possible to heal? According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way a bee should be able to fly. Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies away anyway because bees don't care what humans think is impossible...
(805) 973-0882 View (805) 973-0882
Photo of Molly A Eisen-Kearns, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Molly A Eisen-Kearns
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atascadero, CA 93422
Loving Kindness. Compassion. Joy. Equanimity. We are social beings and often need one another to grow, heal and explore. Together we can address your unique needs, such as a sense of suffering you wish to transform, a life situation you need some support in dealing with, or a profound journey you would like to embark upon. I look forward to understanding your life view and offering honest feedback and support as we collaborate to develop practices suited to your path.
Loving Kindness. Compassion. Joy. Equanimity. We are social beings and often need one another to grow, heal and explore. Together we can address your unique needs, such as a sense of suffering you wish to transform, a life situation you need some support in dealing with, or a profound journey you would like to embark upon. I look forward to understanding your life view and offering honest feedback and support as we collaborate to develop practices suited to your path.
(805) 253-1311 View (805) 253-1311
Photo of Emilie Crist, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Emilie Crist
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atascadero, CA 93422
I am a licensed Associate Marriage & Family Therapist serving clients in California. I enjoy working with adult individuals and couples on their healing journey to find a renewed perspective and get in touch with their authentic selves. I am very passionate and committed to working with each client diligently as they work to make changes, achieve goals, and explore deeper meanings with a collaborative and eclectic approach I provide. I have a Bachelor of Science in Pre-Public Health from Fresno State and a Masters of Arts in Marriage Family and Therapy.
I am a licensed Associate Marriage & Family Therapist serving clients in California. I enjoy working with adult individuals and couples on their healing journey to find a renewed perspective and get in touch with their authentic selves. I am very passionate and committed to working with each client diligently as they work to make changes, achieve goals, and explore deeper meanings with a collaborative and eclectic approach I provide. I have a Bachelor of Science in Pre-Public Health from Fresno State and a Masters of Arts in Marriage Family and Therapy.
(805) 924-7843 View (805) 924-7843
Photo of Linda Arroyo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Linda Arroyo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422
My Name is Linda Arroyo, a Marriage and family therapist in California. As a mental health therapist, I understand parenting and or life can get tough, and unexpected life events such as divorce, loss of a loved one, blended families, newborn, new environments, etc., can create anxiety, anger, fears, irritability, and depression in a child, teen, or adult. I have worked with various individuals who suffer from Anger Management, Anxiety, Coping Skills, Divorce, Grief, Parenting, Relationship Issues, Sports Performance, Stress, Trauma and PTSD, Job Stress, and Panic Attacks. Together we focus on what's important to you in the moment.
My Name is Linda Arroyo, a Marriage and family therapist in California. As a mental health therapist, I understand parenting and or life can get tough, and unexpected life events such as divorce, loss of a loved one, blended families, newborn, new environments, etc., can create anxiety, anger, fears, irritability, and depression in a child, teen, or adult. I have worked with various individuals who suffer from Anger Management, Anxiety, Coping Skills, Divorce, Grief, Parenting, Relationship Issues, Sports Performance, Stress, Trauma and PTSD, Job Stress, and Panic Attacks. Together we focus on what's important to you in the moment.
(805) 978-9396 View (805) 978-9396
Photo of Christopher Ceaser, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Christopher Ceaser
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422
If we meet and you decide to not continue, there will be no charge. This is because a positive relationship between therapist and client is the #1 predictor of a successful outcome. Come in and see if we are a good fit. PLEASE VISIT MY WEBSITE BY CLICKING ON THE WEBSITE BUTTON TO THE LEFT TO LEARN MORE. AtascaderoCounseling.com
If we meet and you decide to not continue, there will be no charge. This is because a positive relationship between therapist and client is the #1 predictor of a successful outcome. Come in and see if we are a good fit. PLEASE VISIT MY WEBSITE BY CLICKING ON THE WEBSITE BUTTON TO THE LEFT TO LEARN MORE. AtascaderoCounseling.com
(805) 423-4956 View (805) 423-4956
Photo of Mary Tesoro, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Mary Tesoro
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422  (Online Only)
I know what it feels like to need, but not have, a strong and caring connection with an understanding other. I also know the level of healing and transformation that occurs when we have such a connection. This is the therapeutic relationship, and I deeply appreciate my role within it. Whether it be to move through suffering, heal from trauma or loss, face life challenges/transitions, increase insight, build resilience, or gain a richer sense of who you are --all of these things and many more are possible in a good therapeutic relationship. I am here for this.
I know what it feels like to need, but not have, a strong and caring connection with an understanding other. I also know the level of healing and transformation that occurs when we have such a connection. This is the therapeutic relationship, and I deeply appreciate my role within it. Whether it be to move through suffering, heal from trauma or loss, face life challenges/transitions, increase insight, build resilience, or gain a richer sense of who you are --all of these things and many more are possible in a good therapeutic relationship. I am here for this.
(805) 468-4699 View (805) 468-4699
Photo of Gianna Merriam, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Gianna Merriam
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422
Hello! My name is Gianna Merriam, LCSW. My therapeutic approach is person-centered, trauma-informed, and strength-based. My areas of practice include working with children and families, individuals (all ages), and groups. I enjoy promoting use of self-compassion practices, functional communication and empathy to impact individual needs and relationships. Clients I typically work with can range from age 5-60. I have extensive experience working with school-aged children that receive IEP services; I am educated and able to support parents in navigating the school system as well as community based resources.
Hello! My name is Gianna Merriam, LCSW. My therapeutic approach is person-centered, trauma-informed, and strength-based. My areas of practice include working with children and families, individuals (all ages), and groups. I enjoy promoting use of self-compassion practices, functional communication and empathy to impact individual needs and relationships. Clients I typically work with can range from age 5-60. I have extensive experience working with school-aged children that receive IEP services; I am educated and able to support parents in navigating the school system as well as community based resources.
(805) 793-1356 View (805) 793-1356
Photo of Deanna Franklin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Deanna Franklin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422
I have been in practice fourteen years providing therapy to individuals, as well as couples and groups. One principal goal is to provide a safe and supportive environment where clients can feel comfortable exploring personal issues; with the end result being a greater understanding of self - both internally and in relationship to others. I draw from many theoretical orientations, and most importantly emphasize emotional safety in my work. I remain very passionate about my occupation and hope that this is warmly conveyed to everyone I have the privilege to work with.
I have been in practice fourteen years providing therapy to individuals, as well as couples and groups. One principal goal is to provide a safe and supportive environment where clients can feel comfortable exploring personal issues; with the end result being a greater understanding of self - both internally and in relationship to others. I draw from many theoretical orientations, and most importantly emphasize emotional safety in my work. I remain very passionate about my occupation and hope that this is warmly conveyed to everyone I have the privilege to work with.
(805) 624-6178 View (805) 624-6178
Photo of Molly McCown: Dawson Individual And Family Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Atascadero, CA
Molly McCown: Dawson Individual And Family Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atascadero, CA 93422
Molly is currently taking new clients ages 5+ and has appointment openings within 7 days of calling. All people deserve a warm, welcoming space where they can discuss concerns and solve problems. I believe that people develop and thrive in relationships that are built on trust and security. As your therapist, I will follow your lead, highlight your strengths, and collaboratively guide you toward your goals. Your wants and needs will always be my top priority!
Molly is currently taking new clients ages 5+ and has appointment openings within 7 days of calling. All people deserve a warm, welcoming space where they can discuss concerns and solve problems. I believe that people develop and thrive in relationships that are built on trust and security. As your therapist, I will follow your lead, highlight your strengths, and collaboratively guide you toward your goals. Your wants and needs will always be my top priority!
(805) 424-8554 View (805) 424-8554
Photo of Cynthia Sea Taking New Clients!, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Cynthia Sea Taking New Clients!
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422  (Online Only)
I AM TAKING NEW CLIENTS! Please view my videos explaining my use of EMDR and other topics @ tools4understanding.com. I recently retired from County Behavioral Health. I have over 20 years of experience. I specialize in anxiety, depression and trauma. My clients and friends tell me I have a warm and soothing presence. I am meeting with clients online so you can access me from anywhere in California. I have free 15-minute consultations to see if we work well together. If you would like that, please send me a message: tools4understanding@gmail.com.
I AM TAKING NEW CLIENTS! Please view my videos explaining my use of EMDR and other topics @ tools4understanding.com. I recently retired from County Behavioral Health. I have over 20 years of experience. I specialize in anxiety, depression and trauma. My clients and friends tell me I have a warm and soothing presence. I am meeting with clients online so you can access me from anywhere in California. I have free 15-minute consultations to see if we work well together. If you would like that, please send me a message: tools4understanding@gmail.com.
(805) 590-7985 View (805) 590-7985
Photo of Jessica Dawson Individual And Family Counseling Inc, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Jessica Dawson Individual And Family Counseling Inc
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422
My goal is to provide you with a supportive, safe and trusting environment. We will work with your strengths to help problem solve, increase coping skills and overcome stress and challenges you are facing. I am passionate about working in this field and highly committed to each and every client I see!
My goal is to provide you with a supportive, safe and trusting environment. We will work with your strengths to help problem solve, increase coping skills and overcome stress and challenges you are facing. I am passionate about working in this field and highly committed to each and every client I see!
(805) 664-2121 View (805) 664-2121
Photo of Carol K. Hurd, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor in Atascadero, CA
Carol K. Hurd
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC, MS, PPS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atascadero, CA 93422
I'm extremely confident in helping teens and adults navigate change because I've learned to pivot myself. I have 9 years of academic, career, and personal/social counseling experience and have worked as an academic counselor in both the K-12 system and higher education.
I'm extremely confident in helping teens and adults navigate change because I've learned to pivot myself. I have 9 years of academic, career, and personal/social counseling experience and have worked as an academic counselor in both the K-12 system and higher education.
(805) 590-5768 View (805) 590-5768
Photo of John Siemens, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
John Siemens
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422
There comes a time when we need help. I appreciate the courage anyone demonstrates when they make that call. I hope to create a space where individuals and families can receive that trusted assistance. I have been a therapist for thirty years. I was a tennis pro for ten years before that. I am aware of the process of change. There is a timing when an individual, or family, is ready to make those adjustments. In working with children, I involve the whole family. I especially enjoy the travels that the adolescent makes, and the perplexing attempts parents make in adjusting to this challenging phase. I work with addictions.
There comes a time when we need help. I appreciate the courage anyone demonstrates when they make that call. I hope to create a space where individuals and families can receive that trusted assistance. I have been a therapist for thirty years. I was a tennis pro for ten years before that. I am aware of the process of change. There is a timing when an individual, or family, is ready to make those adjustments. In working with children, I involve the whole family. I especially enjoy the travels that the adolescent makes, and the perplexing attempts parents make in adjusting to this challenging phase. I work with addictions.
(805) 250-4117 View (805) 250-4117
Photo of Kelsey Ann Kehoe, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Kelsey Ann Kehoe
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atascadero, CA 93422
I believe that reaching out for help is one of the hardest things an individual can do and engaging in the therapy process is one of the most rewarding experiences you can have. My focus is on helping individuals, families and couples heal, energize, and become aware of their inner strengths so they can live their purest life possible. I hold and create a safe place to explore traumas, dis-ease and help to build a better relationship with self and others. www.puravidacounselingservices.com
I believe that reaching out for help is one of the hardest things an individual can do and engaging in the therapy process is one of the most rewarding experiences you can have. My focus is on helping individuals, families and couples heal, energize, and become aware of their inner strengths so they can live their purest life possible. I hold and create a safe place to explore traumas, dis-ease and help to build a better relationship with self and others. www.puravidacounselingservices.com
(805) 323-9917 View (805) 323-9917
Photo of Carolyn Renee Risbrudt, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Carolyn Renee Risbrudt
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Atascadero, CA 93422
I have been successful helping clients return to healthy and dynamic lives who have experienced severe anxiety, depression, and debilitating trauma from physical, emotional and sexual abuse. I have also helped families and couples with relationship issues including; frustrated parents with young children and/or challenging teenagers, couples stuck in bad communication cycles, and people who have lost themselves, their motivation and direction.
I have been successful helping clients return to healthy and dynamic lives who have experienced severe anxiety, depression, and debilitating trauma from physical, emotional and sexual abuse. I have also helped families and couples with relationship issues including; frustrated parents with young children and/or challenging teenagers, couples stuck in bad communication cycles, and people who have lost themselves, their motivation and direction.
(805) 600-3304 View (805) 600-3304
Photo of Central Coast Nurturing Minds, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Central Coast Nurturing Minds
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422
Are you a parent, teen, or child struggling with anxiety, depression, communication issues, or life transitions? You're not alone. At Central Coast Nurturing Minds, our team of experienced therapists provides a supportive and compassionate environment to help you navigate life's challenges and reach your full potential.
Are you a parent, teen, or child struggling with anxiety, depression, communication issues, or life transitions? You're not alone. At Central Coast Nurturing Minds, our team of experienced therapists provides a supportive and compassionate environment to help you navigate life's challenges and reach your full potential.
(805) 703-1435 View (805) 703-1435
Photo of Joe DeBruin, Psychologist in Atascadero, CA
Joe DeBruin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atascadero, CA 93422
It is important that my patients feel respected and encouraged. My job is to really listen and help you feel understood. I also think my role is to give you lots of feedback and not just be a passive listener saying, "uh, uh, hmm, I see, hmm". I am a coach, cheerleader, teacher, confidante, and accountability partner. The biggest complaint I have heard over the years about any past therapists whom patients felt were not helpful was the complaint that the past therapist was way too passive. I work best with those that want a therapist high in empathy but is not passive.
It is important that my patients feel respected and encouraged. My job is to really listen and help you feel understood. I also think my role is to give you lots of feedback and not just be a passive listener saying, "uh, uh, hmm, I see, hmm". I am a coach, cheerleader, teacher, confidante, and accountability partner. The biggest complaint I have heard over the years about any past therapists whom patients felt were not helpful was the complaint that the past therapist was way too passive. I work best with those that want a therapist high in empathy but is not passive.
(805) 419-2432 View (805) 419-2432
Photo of Nicole T Zuniga, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Nicole T Zuniga
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atascadero, CA 93422  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Beginning the journey of therapy can be a hard decision but one that can be life changing. In my practice I am focused on supporting individuals, couples, and families reach their therapeutic goals through processing, connection, and skill building. My background is in community based behavioral health and I have experience with clients of all ages and various level of need. Whether you're a mom like me struggling with the stress of raising children, someone trying to cope with a recent or historical traumatic event, or just someone interested in personal growth, I could be the right fit for you.
Beginning the journey of therapy can be a hard decision but one that can be life changing. In my practice I am focused on supporting individuals, couples, and families reach their therapeutic goals through processing, connection, and skill building. My background is in community based behavioral health and I have experience with clients of all ages and various level of need. Whether you're a mom like me struggling with the stress of raising children, someone trying to cope with a recent or historical traumatic event, or just someone interested in personal growth, I could be the right fit for you.
(805) 900-3745 View (805) 900-3745
Photo of Louise Quiroz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atascadero, CA
Louise Quiroz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422
It’s late. Today’s work is finally done. You’re the last one to bed, after snapping at everyone else. You pause...Instead of enjoying the moment of peace and quiet reflection that you long for, there’s a vague sense of dread. It seems that whenever you stop, you find yourself filled with anxiety. You feel off-center. Never at ease. Never enough. You don’t want to go to bed because you know it’ll be another restless night of tossing and turning, alone--again. No one gets it. You’re not just tired, you're weary. That weariness gnaws at you. That ache, that longing for something different, something better, something more...
It’s late. Today’s work is finally done. You’re the last one to bed, after snapping at everyone else. You pause...Instead of enjoying the moment of peace and quiet reflection that you long for, there’s a vague sense of dread. It seems that whenever you stop, you find yourself filled with anxiety. You feel off-center. Never at ease. Never enough. You don’t want to go to bed because you know it’ll be another restless night of tossing and turning, alone--again. No one gets it. You’re not just tired, you're weary. That weariness gnaws at you. That ache, that longing for something different, something better, something more...
(805) 952-7157 View (805) 952-7157
Photo of Jeffrey Hartwig, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Atascadero, CA
Jeffrey Hartwig
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Atascadero, CA 93422
I began counseling youth in public school districts. My present clinical therapy work using CBT, and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, involves assisting adult individuals with developing insights and coping skills, overcoming PTSD, anger, anxiety, and depression, and moving past grief, trauma, and loss. My clients include a diverse population within the entertainment industry, medical professionals, social services, and military personnel. In addition, I've also worked with athletes to strengthen their mental focus.
I began counseling youth in public school districts. My present clinical therapy work using CBT, and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, involves assisting adult individuals with developing insights and coping skills, overcoming PTSD, anger, anxiety, and depression, and moving past grief, trauma, and loss. My clients include a diverse population within the entertainment industry, medical professionals, social services, and military personnel. In addition, I've also worked with athletes to strengthen their mental focus.
(805) 301-9408 View (805) 301-9408

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Atascadero, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Atascadero, CA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
78% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
74% Coping Skills
72% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
49% Aetna
46% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Atascadero, CA see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
15% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Atascadero?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.