Therapists in Columbus, OH

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Photo of Leah Renner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Leah Renner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S, MSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43202  (Online Only)
Are you worried about the future, struggling to find the words in your relationship, or managing symptoms from a personality disorder, anxiety, or depression? I believe everyone has a place in this world, and my passion is to normalize the struggle and empower my clients to be who they want. My therapeutic style is a culturally sensitive, empathetic, dialectic approach that offers tools for acceptance and change. I draw on mindfulness, DBT, and person centered approaches to best fit your needs.
Are you worried about the future, struggling to find the words in your relationship, or managing symptoms from a personality disorder, anxiety, or depression? I believe everyone has a place in this world, and my passion is to normalize the struggle and empower my clients to be who they want. My therapeutic style is a culturally sensitive, empathetic, dialectic approach that offers tools for acceptance and change. I draw on mindfulness, DBT, and person centered approaches to best fit your needs.
(614) 683-3817 View (614) 683-3817
Photo of Craig Fitzgerald, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Columbus, OH
Craig Fitzgerald
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43219
Craig Fitzgerald is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2016. He has a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology/Secondary Education from Mount Union College, an MS in Clinical Counseling from the University of Dayton, and an MS ED/Secondary Education/Play Therapy Certificate Program from the University of Mississippi. Outside of work, Craig likes to roller skate and watch OSU football.
Craig Fitzgerald is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2016. He has a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology/Secondary Education from Mount Union College, an MS in Clinical Counseling from the University of Dayton, and an MS ED/Secondary Education/Play Therapy Certificate Program from the University of Mississippi. Outside of work, Craig likes to roller skate and watch OSU football.
(740) 674-3463 View (740) 674-3463
Photo of Sarah Walter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Sarah Walter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43235  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hi, my name is Sarah! I want to start off by saying, you matter, and thank you for being here. I want to help you be the best version of yourself! I work with a children, adolescents, and adults. Each population has their unique set of needs and desires. I love working with children to develop coping skills and identifying their emotions. I love working with adolescents to build a strong self-esteem and find their own individuality. I love working with adults to provide a space they can be vulnerable and share their challenges. No matter if you are a child, adolescent or adult, you deserve to be heard.
Hi, my name is Sarah! I want to start off by saying, you matter, and thank you for being here. I want to help you be the best version of yourself! I work with a children, adolescents, and adults. Each population has their unique set of needs and desires. I love working with children to develop coping skills and identifying their emotions. I love working with adolescents to build a strong self-esteem and find their own individuality. I love working with adults to provide a space they can be vulnerable and share their challenges. No matter if you are a child, adolescent or adult, you deserve to be heard.
(513) 654-9219 View (513) 654-9219
Photo of Belinda Hildebrandt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Belinda Hildebrandt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW , PMH-C
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43235  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker and a Certified Perinatal Mental Health Provider. I am committed to working with you on overcoming and coping with the unique challenges in your life. I work primarily with adults who are dealing with perinatal mood disorders, generalized anxiety, life-transitions, family conflict, and grief. I employ therapeutic models that are strength-based, solution focused and person-centered. My approaches to therapy are positive and practical. If you are looking for a safe and welcoming environment where you can feel comfortable and motivated to do your best work, I would love to collaborate with you!
I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker and a Certified Perinatal Mental Health Provider. I am committed to working with you on overcoming and coping with the unique challenges in your life. I work primarily with adults who are dealing with perinatal mood disorders, generalized anxiety, life-transitions, family conflict, and grief. I employ therapeutic models that are strength-based, solution focused and person-centered. My approaches to therapy are positive and practical. If you are looking for a safe and welcoming environment where you can feel comfortable and motivated to do your best work, I would love to collaborate with you!
(740) 247-5998 View (740) 247-5998
Photo of S. Lee Tepper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
S. Lee Tepper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43235
Working collaboratively with clients and using a person-centered approach to therapy is central to the care I provide to all clients. I have robust experience and enjoy working with individuals who identify as LGBTQIA+, experience substance use addiction, poly/kink populations, young adults, and those who experience depression, anxiety, and (C)PTSD. As my client, you can expect a confidential, collaborative, and healthy working relationship to best meet your unique goals.
Working collaboratively with clients and using a person-centered approach to therapy is central to the care I provide to all clients. I have robust experience and enjoy working with individuals who identify as LGBTQIA+, experience substance use addiction, poly/kink populations, young adults, and those who experience depression, anxiety, and (C)PTSD. As my client, you can expect a confidential, collaborative, and healthy working relationship to best meet your unique goals.
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Photo of Dr. Matthew Free, Psychologist in Columbus, OH
Dr. Matthew Free
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43220
Waitlist for new clients
I have dedicated all my academic and professional life to the study and treatment of anxiety and OCD-related disorders. Anxiety is very common, and many general therapists do an excellent job treating it. As a specialist, I tend to work with people who experience severe OCD and anxiety symptoms, have participated in residential or intensive programs (IOP, PHP), or have seen a number of therapists in the past, but have been unable to make progress. It is common for people with OCD and severe anxiety to also struggle with depression, relationship problems, etc. I can usually help people make progress in those areas, too!
I have dedicated all my academic and professional life to the study and treatment of anxiety and OCD-related disorders. Anxiety is very common, and many general therapists do an excellent job treating it. As a specialist, I tend to work with people who experience severe OCD and anxiety symptoms, have participated in residential or intensive programs (IOP, PHP), or have seen a number of therapists in the past, but have been unable to make progress. It is common for people with OCD and severe anxiety to also struggle with depression, relationship problems, etc. I can usually help people make progress in those areas, too!
(614) 756-5530 View (614) 756-5530
Photo of Rebecca Flowers Schamess, Marriage & Family Therapist in Columbus, OH
Rebecca Flowers Schamess
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43215
My therapist taught me how to love myself—and by extension, my life partner, my kids, and everyone else! It is possible, no matter where you're starting from, to have less inner conflict, less outer conflict, and more love, peace, calm, and creativity in your life. And if you’re a woman with ADHD, I can help with that too. Your life doesn’t have to feel chaotic, and you don’t have to call yourself names (lazy, careless, stupid) to get things done. Whether I see you one-on-one or with an important other, I will meet you with compassion, hope, and acceptance. Because we all deserve not just to survive, but to thrive.
My therapist taught me how to love myself—and by extension, my life partner, my kids, and everyone else! It is possible, no matter where you're starting from, to have less inner conflict, less outer conflict, and more love, peace, calm, and creativity in your life. And if you’re a woman with ADHD, I can help with that too. Your life doesn’t have to feel chaotic, and you don’t have to call yourself names (lazy, careless, stupid) to get things done. Whether I see you one-on-one or with an important other, I will meet you with compassion, hope, and acceptance. Because we all deserve not just to survive, but to thrive.
(614) 407-4564 View (614) 407-4564
Photo of Jennifer A. Smith, Counselor in Columbus, OH
Jennifer A. Smith
Counselor, MEd, LPCC-S, CIMHP
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43085  (Online Only)
Are you completely exhausted from your busy job or school schedule? Do you have a hard time setting boundaries and showing up fully in your personal life? Do you find yourself engaging in unhealthy habits such as poor eating or drinking too much? Are you finding modern life incredibly overstimulating and exhausting? If you are then you're most likely suffering from chronic burnout and fatigue! If you're feeling tired and sluggish even simple things can feel overwhelming to complete. You might notice you're feeling more anxious and depressed and more quick to get angry or frustrated. Thankfully there are ways to cope!
Are you completely exhausted from your busy job or school schedule? Do you have a hard time setting boundaries and showing up fully in your personal life? Do you find yourself engaging in unhealthy habits such as poor eating or drinking too much? Are you finding modern life incredibly overstimulating and exhausting? If you are then you're most likely suffering from chronic burnout and fatigue! If you're feeling tired and sluggish even simple things can feel overwhelming to complete. You might notice you're feeling more anxious and depressed and more quick to get angry or frustrated. Thankfully there are ways to cope!
(614) 802-5636 View (614) 802-5636
Photo of Annie Kondrot, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Annie Kondrot
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43215
I believe that positive relationships are the most powerful agent of healing. If you are struggling with depression, anxiety, body image, life transitions, or a history of trauma such as physical or sexual abuse or neglect, we will work together to strengthen your relationship with your therapist, the people around you, and ultimately yourself. I use a warm, person-centered approach to help you feel that I am your partner in reaching your goals.
I believe that positive relationships are the most powerful agent of healing. If you are struggling with depression, anxiety, body image, life transitions, or a history of trauma such as physical or sexual abuse or neglect, we will work together to strengthen your relationship with your therapist, the people around you, and ultimately yourself. I use a warm, person-centered approach to help you feel that I am your partner in reaching your goals.
(380) 600-9416 View (380) 600-9416
Photo of Loren Ragland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Loren Ragland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43214
I have experience serving adult clients at each level of care, including community mental health, psychiatric facilities, Partial Hospitalization (PHP), Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOP), as well as private practice. My therapeutic experience includes, but is not limited to working with trauma, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, relationship issues, life transitions, and college mental health. Additionally, I have worked with various cultures and socioeconomic statuses.
I have experience serving adult clients at each level of care, including community mental health, psychiatric facilities, Partial Hospitalization (PHP), Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOP), as well as private practice. My therapeutic experience includes, but is not limited to working with trauma, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, relationship issues, life transitions, and college mental health. Additionally, I have worked with various cultures and socioeconomic statuses.
(614) 902-3902 View (614) 902-3902
Photo of KJS Counseling & Consultation , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
KJS Counseling & Consultation
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43235
Welcome, I hope this finds you well. Therapy is a journey I join my clients in & I look forward to working with you to reach whatever goals you have for yourself. I approach therapy from a collaborative, strengths based perspective. I specialize in the treatment of PTSD which includes complex trauma, traumatic loss, single incident trauma, and dissociative disorders in adults. I also treat depression, anxiety, social anxiety, complicated grief and the unavoidable issues that arise from living life.
Welcome, I hope this finds you well. Therapy is a journey I join my clients in & I look forward to working with you to reach whatever goals you have for yourself. I approach therapy from a collaborative, strengths based perspective. I specialize in the treatment of PTSD which includes complex trauma, traumatic loss, single incident trauma, and dissociative disorders in adults. I also treat depression, anxiety, social anxiety, complicated grief and the unavoidable issues that arise from living life.
(740) 498-2436 View (740) 498-2436
Photo of Alicia McDonald, Counselor in Columbus, OH
Alicia McDonald
Counselor, MS, LPCC-S, CCATP, CSTIP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43215
Everyone struggles sometimes, but when you find yourself struggling most of the time, it may be a sign it is time to seek out the help you need to move through your difficulties. Taking the first step toward counseling is challenging for many people, but coming this far in your search shows you are ready to move forward.
Everyone struggles sometimes, but when you find yourself struggling most of the time, it may be a sign it is time to seek out the help you need to move through your difficulties. Taking the first step toward counseling is challenging for many people, but coming this far in your search shows you are ready to move forward.
(380) 205-0124 View (380) 205-0124
Photo of Kegan D Beraduce, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Kegan D Beraduce
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43214
Hello, I am a licensed social worker who has been practicing for 7 years. I have worked with many different client backgrounds from addiction to children and family issues. I take an eclectic approach in therapy with my clients. I'm specifically trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused, motivational interviewing and interpersonal therapy.
Hello, I am a licensed social worker who has been practicing for 7 years. I have worked with many different client backgrounds from addiction to children and family issues. I take an eclectic approach in therapy with my clients. I'm specifically trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused, motivational interviewing and interpersonal therapy.
(614) 432-8404 View (614) 432-8404
Photo of Brian Ward, Psychologist in Columbus, OH
Brian Ward
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43206
Prior to earning his Doctorate of Psychology (Psy.D.) at the Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Dr. Ward grew up amongst the dense cornfields of Northwest Ohio, learning to befriend the soul-stirring companionship of engaging & making music, later attending Capital University to further this companionship. Brian was trained in an approach to therapy that clears space for each individual’s unique experience of being alive, unveiling what truly matters to a person and how it matters, whatever it may be.
Prior to earning his Doctorate of Psychology (Psy.D.) at the Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Dr. Ward grew up amongst the dense cornfields of Northwest Ohio, learning to befriend the soul-stirring companionship of engaging & making music, later attending Capital University to further this companionship. Brian was trained in an approach to therapy that clears space for each individual’s unique experience of being alive, unveiling what truly matters to a person and how it matters, whatever it may be.
(380) 600-8587 View (380) 600-8587
Photo of : Susan-Joy: Barger. Blue Ray Therapy, Licensed Social Worker in Columbus, OH
: Susan-Joy: Barger. Blue Ray Therapy
Licensed Social Worker, MA, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43209
Serving Central Ohioans for thirty years, I AM an EMDR trained, heart-centered Therapist/Social Worker/Teacher/Artist/Reiki Master. My work focuses on enhancing the holistic well-being of adolescents and adults suffering from aversive childhood experiences, traumatic events, Near Death Experiences, and every day stress that provokes anxiety and/or depression. My efforts focus on building confidence and strong identity with people experiencing chronic conditions/disabilities, internationals, (Je parle le français) and spiritual seekers through a growing array of approaches like DBT, Feminist Therapy and Integral Psychotherapy.
Serving Central Ohioans for thirty years, I AM an EMDR trained, heart-centered Therapist/Social Worker/Teacher/Artist/Reiki Master. My work focuses on enhancing the holistic well-being of adolescents and adults suffering from aversive childhood experiences, traumatic events, Near Death Experiences, and every day stress that provokes anxiety and/or depression. My efforts focus on building confidence and strong identity with people experiencing chronic conditions/disabilities, internationals, (Je parle le français) and spiritual seekers through a growing array of approaches like DBT, Feminist Therapy and Integral Psychotherapy.
(614) 662-4615 View (614) 662-4615
Photo of Mirranda O'Neil, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbus, OH
Mirranda O'Neil
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43212
In my time as a counselor, I have cultivated a knack for working with adolescents and young adults, and a passion for educating others about healthy relationships. I have the skills and experience to help those currently struggling with issues such as depression and anxiety, difficult life transitions, and traumatic experiences, among others. I am EMDR-trained and utilize a culturally sensitive, trauma-focused approach in my sessions. I approach my work with the understanding that you are a person before you are my client. This means I aim to tailor sessions to your individual needs, and firmly believe you are the expert on you.
In my time as a counselor, I have cultivated a knack for working with adolescents and young adults, and a passion for educating others about healthy relationships. I have the skills and experience to help those currently struggling with issues such as depression and anxiety, difficult life transitions, and traumatic experiences, among others. I am EMDR-trained and utilize a culturally sensitive, trauma-focused approach in my sessions. I approach my work with the understanding that you are a person before you are my client. This means I aim to tailor sessions to your individual needs, and firmly believe you are the expert on you.
(614) 515-5089 View (614) 515-5089
Photo of Jacquelyn Mcdaniel, Psychologist in Columbus, OH
Jacquelyn Mcdaniel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43212
Dr. McDaniel earned her master's and doctorate degrees from The University of South Carolina. She has provided psychological services for over 12 years in a variety of therapeutic settings including medical centers, community mental health clinics, residential substance abuse centers, psychiatric inpatient units, and partial hospitalization and intensive outpatient programs (PHP/IOP).
Dr. McDaniel earned her master's and doctorate degrees from The University of South Carolina. She has provided psychological services for over 12 years in a variety of therapeutic settings including medical centers, community mental health clinics, residential substance abuse centers, psychiatric inpatient units, and partial hospitalization and intensive outpatient programs (PHP/IOP).
(380) 208-0646 View (380) 208-0646
Photo of Jessica Ketner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Columbus, OH
Jessica Ketner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, IMFT
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43085
I provide psychotherapy for couples, families, individual adults, adolescents and children. I collaborate with my clients, from an integrative client-centered approach, to treat a variety of mental, emotional and relational issues. I value the strengths that my clients bring with them to the therapy room and guide them to build on those attributes to create change in their lives. I work with clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, OCD, body image, infidelity, marital distress, grief and loss, challenging life transitions and other issues.
I provide psychotherapy for couples, families, individual adults, adolescents and children. I collaborate with my clients, from an integrative client-centered approach, to treat a variety of mental, emotional and relational issues. I value the strengths that my clients bring with them to the therapy room and guide them to build on those attributes to create change in their lives. I work with clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, OCD, body image, infidelity, marital distress, grief and loss, challenging life transitions and other issues.
(614) 524-5588 View (614) 524-5588
Photo of Jody Dietsch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Jody Dietsch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43219  (Online Only)
I have provided counseling and therapy services to families, children, adolescents, and adults for over twenty years. I use a variety of therapeutic techniques, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) and EMDR. You want to feel better, and I can help you take those needed steps.
I have provided counseling and therapy services to families, children, adolescents, and adults for over twenty years. I use a variety of therapeutic techniques, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) and EMDR. You want to feel better, and I can help you take those needed steps.
(614) 957-3512 View (614) 957-3512
Photo of Britt Butler, Pre-Licensed Professional in Columbus, OH
Britt Butler
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43214
I can help you to recognize patterns in your thoughts and actions that contribute to feeling distressed and help you to change those patterns. We will work together to identify both your challenges and your strengths. I am a clinician who is transparent, creative, collaborative, caring, and persistent.
I can help you to recognize patterns in your thoughts and actions that contribute to feeling distressed and help you to change those patterns. We will work together to identify both your challenges and your strengths. I am a clinician who is transparent, creative, collaborative, caring, and persistent.
(740) 499-7159 View (740) 499-7159

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Columbus, OH

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Columbus, OH who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
73% Trauma and PTSD
71% Self Esteem
68% Relationship Issues
65% Coping Skills
62% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
76% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
68% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Columbus, OH see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Columbus?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.