Therapists in Columbus, OH

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Photo of Katie Gunter in Columbus, OH
Katie Gunter
MS, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43212
Not accepting new clients
While I have treated a variety of client concerns, I am most passionate about helping survivors of sexual trauma, racial trauma, and those who have experienced incarceration. Helping survivors heal from past pain is something I focus on in sessions. I have worked in a variety of settings including schools, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, and outpatient counseling. I have experience with treating substance abuse, psychosis and thinking disorders, as well as personality and mood disorders. I have worked with all ages of clients but now focus on seeing adults.
While I have treated a variety of client concerns, I am most passionate about helping survivors of sexual trauma, racial trauma, and those who have experienced incarceration. Helping survivors heal from past pain is something I focus on in sessions. I have worked in a variety of settings including schools, inpatient psychiatric hospitals, and outpatient counseling. I have experience with treating substance abuse, psychosis and thinking disorders, as well as personality and mood disorders. I have worked with all ages of clients but now focus on seeing adults.
(614) 768-6606 View (614) 768-6606
Photo of Karla Tolbert, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Columbus, OH
Karla Tolbert
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43215  (Online Only)
Karla takes a mindfulness approach to psychotherapy. She believes strongly in the mind-body connection and encourages clients to take a holistic approach to their mental health. Karla understands that life can be difficult even unbearable at times. That's why she works to help clients to view their thoughts and feelings objectively, while making changes in their lives that can lead to greater happiness and contentment.
Karla takes a mindfulness approach to psychotherapy. She believes strongly in the mind-body connection and encourages clients to take a holistic approach to their mental health. Karla understands that life can be difficult even unbearable at times. That's why she works to help clients to view their thoughts and feelings objectively, while making changes in their lives that can lead to greater happiness and contentment.
(380) 204-5418 View (380) 204-5418
Photo of Laura Donnelly Counseling, LLC in Columbus, OH
Laura Donnelly Counseling, LLC
MA, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43220
I am well versed in treating anxiety, depression, other mood disorders, trauma, attachment issues, ADHD, personality quirks, and much more. I approach each client in a unique manner, meeting them where they are at and taking time to build a therapeutic relationship. I use evidenced based treatment strategies inclusive of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance Commitment Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Solution-Focused, Choice Theory, and more including trauma informed methods. I attempt to incorporate the client’s hobbies and interests into treatment and offer a hopeful, optimistic, client centered approach.
I am well versed in treating anxiety, depression, other mood disorders, trauma, attachment issues, ADHD, personality quirks, and much more. I approach each client in a unique manner, meeting them where they are at and taking time to build a therapeutic relationship. I use evidenced based treatment strategies inclusive of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance Commitment Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Solution-Focused, Choice Theory, and more including trauma informed methods. I attempt to incorporate the client’s hobbies and interests into treatment and offer a hopeful, optimistic, client centered approach.
(614) 943-8848 View (614) 943-8848
Photo of Jennifer Vargo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Jennifer Vargo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43215
Taking time to nourish our mental, emotional and physical well-being is essential to becoming and being our best selves. Self-care is the most important thing we can do for ourselves and those we care for, yet it is often overlooked or pushed aside because of pressing priorities. I commend you for taking this step towards self-care or to help a loved one.
Taking time to nourish our mental, emotional and physical well-being is essential to becoming and being our best selves. Self-care is the most important thing we can do for ourselves and those we care for, yet it is often overlooked or pushed aside because of pressing priorities. I commend you for taking this step towards self-care or to help a loved one.
(380) 205-2450 View (380) 205-2450
Photo of Peter Bogdanovic, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Peter Bogdanovic
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43212  (Online Only)
I welcome anyone who wants to create a better life for themselves and become the best version of themselves that they can be.
I welcome anyone who wants to create a better life for themselves and become the best version of themselves that they can be.
(614) 662-1821 View (614) 662-1821
Photo of Dr. Michelle Sheets, Clinical Psychologist, PLLC, Psychologist in Columbus, OH
Dr. Michelle Sheets, Clinical Psychologist, PLLC
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43215
At my practice, we treat a wide variety of patients. For some, it is his or her first time at therapy and there may be some trepidation about starting the process. For others, we have been one of many therapists in his or her life. Each patient brings a unique and fascinating set of thoughts, feelings and behaviors all of which require a specific method of treatment. It is wonderful work! We hope that everyone can have the chance to explore psychotherapy in his or her life, be it for a single session or many more.
At my practice, we treat a wide variety of patients. For some, it is his or her first time at therapy and there may be some trepidation about starting the process. For others, we have been one of many therapists in his or her life. Each patient brings a unique and fascinating set of thoughts, feelings and behaviors all of which require a specific method of treatment. It is wonderful work! We hope that everyone can have the chance to explore psychotherapy in his or her life, be it for a single session or many more.
(646) 699-3910 View (646) 699-3910
Photo of Macey Hawout, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbus, OH
Macey Hawout
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43221
Are you a young adult woman experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, self-esteem issues, and even trauma? Self-discovery and creating/finding identity are goals I work best with. In my most recent job, I have found that domestic violence survivors and women who experience issues specific to being a woman have piqued my interest. As a therapist, the most rewarding thing is to guide women toward embracing themselves for who they are, heal past wounds, and empower them to live fully and authentically. I believe I have been given a purpose in this world to serve others, and that's what I was created to do.
Are you a young adult woman experiencing anxiety, depression, relationship issues, self-esteem issues, and even trauma? Self-discovery and creating/finding identity are goals I work best with. In my most recent job, I have found that domestic violence survivors and women who experience issues specific to being a woman have piqued my interest. As a therapist, the most rewarding thing is to guide women toward embracing themselves for who they are, heal past wounds, and empower them to live fully and authentically. I believe I have been given a purpose in this world to serve others, and that's what I was created to do.
(614) 585-8948 View (614) 585-8948
Photo of Caitlin R. Hay, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Caitlin R. Hay
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW-S
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43214
Waitlist for new clients
I love people's stories and I see my role in the therapeutic relationship as a tremendous privilege. I want to help you understand the behaviors and thought patterns that bring you to therapy, but my approach is then to go deeper. Together, we can discover the underlying root cause of your concerns. So many of us are carrying around past trauma that we don't realize is affecting how we operate in the world today.
I love people's stories and I see my role in the therapeutic relationship as a tremendous privilege. I want to help you understand the behaviors and thought patterns that bring you to therapy, but my approach is then to go deeper. Together, we can discover the underlying root cause of your concerns. So many of us are carrying around past trauma that we don't realize is affecting how we operate in the world today.
(614) 618-4625 View (614) 618-4625
Photo of Evan Wilkerson, Licensed Social Worker in Columbus, OH
Evan Wilkerson
Licensed Social Worker, MSW, LSW, RYT-200
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43230
My background includes working with clients on a broad spectrum of therapeutic goals — including anxiety, depression, LGBTQ issues, anger management and more. My counseling philosophy is based on the understanding that no matter what we have experienced, there is an aspect of us all that is whole and complete just as it is. By continually orienting to this ground of wholeness, I believe we can fundamentally alter our relationship to our problems — shifting them from something that defines us to something that simply needs to be met, understood, and resolved.
My background includes working with clients on a broad spectrum of therapeutic goals — including anxiety, depression, LGBTQ issues, anger management and more. My counseling philosophy is based on the understanding that no matter what we have experienced, there is an aspect of us all that is whole and complete just as it is. By continually orienting to this ground of wholeness, I believe we can fundamentally alter our relationship to our problems — shifting them from something that defines us to something that simply needs to be met, understood, and resolved.
(380) 207-9660 View (380) 207-9660
Photo of Angela Jerome, Licensed Professional Counselor in Columbus, OH
Angela Jerome
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43235
Not accepting new clients
The stigma surrounding mental health care is finally starting to dissipate. It is my hope that preemptive counseling will eventually become as routine as annual trips to a primary care doctor. There’s much yet to be learned about the uncharted depths of the emotional world. The best place to start is in your own life. By doing your own work, you naturally pave the way for someone else to do theirs. Why not start today? If you’re stuck on your own path toward health, in a struggling relationship, or simply want to develop greater self-awareness, it’d be my honor to work with you.
The stigma surrounding mental health care is finally starting to dissipate. It is my hope that preemptive counseling will eventually become as routine as annual trips to a primary care doctor. There’s much yet to be learned about the uncharted depths of the emotional world. The best place to start is in your own life. By doing your own work, you naturally pave the way for someone else to do theirs. Why not start today? If you’re stuck on your own path toward health, in a struggling relationship, or simply want to develop greater self-awareness, it’d be my honor to work with you.
(380) 201-9457 View (380) 201-9457
Photo of Katie Treadway, Counselor in Columbus, OH
Katie Treadway
Counselor, CT
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43220
I believe that the path to discovering our best selves is a path worth taking. Sometimes we discover that we must heal along the way and need someone to come alongside us to help us face the parts of ourselves we would rather not see. If you are at the place where you are ready to face some hard things and don't want to face them alone, I am willing to walk with you and make a safe space to ask hard questions and emerge in hope. I believe that your most authentic self is good, and together we will make room to discover who that is and love them. The transformation you desire is right in front of you.
I believe that the path to discovering our best selves is a path worth taking. Sometimes we discover that we must heal along the way and need someone to come alongside us to help us face the parts of ourselves we would rather not see. If you are at the place where you are ready to face some hard things and don't want to face them alone, I am willing to walk with you and make a safe space to ask hard questions and emerge in hope. I believe that your most authentic self is good, and together we will make room to discover who that is and love them. The transformation you desire is right in front of you.
(614) 635-7624 View (614) 635-7624
Photo of Carrie Kroner, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Columbus, OH
Carrie Kroner
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MSEd, LPCC-S, CTRP, NCC, BCTP-I
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43220
I am Carrie Kroner, a licensed supervising professional clinical counselor. I work with children, adolescents, and adults to learn the skills they need to manage symptoms of anxiety and depression on their own. I truly enjoy guiding others and helping them to grow into the best version of themselves. I use my expertise and experience to tailor our time together to individual needs, whether that means getting on the floor to play a game to help a child feel comfortable, guiding families through productive conversation, or meeting with an individual to let them vent and gently pushing them toward productive discussion.
I am Carrie Kroner, a licensed supervising professional clinical counselor. I work with children, adolescents, and adults to learn the skills they need to manage symptoms of anxiety and depression on their own. I truly enjoy guiding others and helping them to grow into the best version of themselves. I use my expertise and experience to tailor our time together to individual needs, whether that means getting on the floor to play a game to help a child feel comfortable, guiding families through productive conversation, or meeting with an individual to let them vent and gently pushing them toward productive discussion.
(614) 412-0759 View (614) 412-0759
Photo of Alex Banta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Alex Banta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43240
I am passionate about working alongside people on their journeys to becoming versions of themselves they want and choose to be.I work with clients to identify strengths they already possess, but might not even notice, and then apply those strengths and abilities to work towards their goals and desired changes. I believe a supportive, nonjudgmental space is key to unlocking potential. I use evidence-based interventions from a strengths-based perspective to ensure best outcomes for clients. I believe everyone deserves the space, energy and time to become the person they want to be.I have experience working with adolescents and adults.
I am passionate about working alongside people on their journeys to becoming versions of themselves they want and choose to be.I work with clients to identify strengths they already possess, but might not even notice, and then apply those strengths and abilities to work towards their goals and desired changes. I believe a supportive, nonjudgmental space is key to unlocking potential. I use evidence-based interventions from a strengths-based perspective to ensure best outcomes for clients. I believe everyone deserves the space, energy and time to become the person they want to be.I have experience working with adolescents and adults.
(380) 201-9523 View (380) 201-9523
Photo of Courtney Brinkman, Counselor in Columbus, OH
Courtney Brinkman
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43214
Not accepting new clients
*I am out on maternity leave. I will reply to voicemails and emails when I return. Thanks!* Everyone experiences times in their lives where they feel overwhelmed and stuck. Those difficult periods can be the result of internal factors (such as low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, negative body image, etc.), external factors (such as a loss, relationship problems, financial stress, a traumatic event, etc.) or a combination of both. My goal is to help clients get unstuck. I work with my clients to gain insight into the issues that are contributing to their struggles and address the factors that are in their control to change.
*I am out on maternity leave. I will reply to voicemails and emails when I return. Thanks!* Everyone experiences times in their lives where they feel overwhelmed and stuck. Those difficult periods can be the result of internal factors (such as low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, negative body image, etc.), external factors (such as a loss, relationship problems, financial stress, a traumatic event, etc.) or a combination of both. My goal is to help clients get unstuck. I work with my clients to gain insight into the issues that are contributing to their struggles and address the factors that are in their control to change.
(614) 472-8475 View (614) 472-8475
Photo of Emily Caldwell, Counselor in Columbus, OH
Emily Caldwell
Counselor, CT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43235
Are you looking for help for your child? Or are you suffering from the stress of pregnancy or the heaviness of postpartum issues? Or do you suffer from chronic pain? Know that there is great relief and healing found through the use of art therapy. In fact, art therapy approaches can bring noticeable improvement in a handful of sessions. Also, art therapy is for anyone! You don't have to have experience or talent in this area to benefit from the interventions I offer.
Are you looking for help for your child? Or are you suffering from the stress of pregnancy or the heaviness of postpartum issues? Or do you suffer from chronic pain? Know that there is great relief and healing found through the use of art therapy. In fact, art therapy approaches can bring noticeable improvement in a handful of sessions. Also, art therapy is for anyone! You don't have to have experience or talent in this area to benefit from the interventions I offer.
(740) 619-2442 View (740) 619-2442
Photo of Debora K. Wallace-Wood, Counselor in Columbus, OH
Debora K. Wallace-Wood
Counselor, MS, Ed, LPCC-S, LICDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43206
My purpose is to accompany you on a holistic Spiritual journey of healing, as you begin to pull up the weeds by the roots of the past, fertilize and nurture the present and sow new seeds for the future. You must be ready and willing to create an environment in which you can metamorphosis into a___________________. There is a light within you, together we will delve deep to turn your light from a flicker to a flame. You are not alone as you journey to discovering self -love, self-compassion, self-confidence and discovering/defining who you are.
My purpose is to accompany you on a holistic Spiritual journey of healing, as you begin to pull up the weeds by the roots of the past, fertilize and nurture the present and sow new seeds for the future. You must be ready and willing to create an environment in which you can metamorphosis into a___________________. There is a light within you, together we will delve deep to turn your light from a flicker to a flame. You are not alone as you journey to discovering self -love, self-compassion, self-confidence and discovering/defining who you are.
(614) 392-9124 View (614) 392-9124
Photo of Darby Ivan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Columbus, OH
Darby Ivan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43240
I am a passionate therapist dedicated to building strong bonds with clients based on trust, communication, and collaboration. My goal is to help clients embrace their authentic selves by confronting negative self-talk & channeling their inherent strengths. I find joy in helping clients find practical solutions for life's challenges, witnessing their personal growth, and supporting their journey of self-discovery. I earned my bachelor's & master's degrees in social work from The Ohio State University and gained invaluable experience including in a long-term residential treatment center for those struggling with substance abuse.
I am a passionate therapist dedicated to building strong bonds with clients based on trust, communication, and collaboration. My goal is to help clients embrace their authentic selves by confronting negative self-talk & channeling their inherent strengths. I find joy in helping clients find practical solutions for life's challenges, witnessing their personal growth, and supporting their journey of self-discovery. I earned my bachelor's & master's degrees in social work from The Ohio State University and gained invaluable experience including in a long-term residential treatment center for those struggling with substance abuse.
(380) 221-8614 View (380) 221-8614
Photo of William Lessler, Counselor in Columbus, OH
William Lessler
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43214
I'm a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in private practice for over 20 years. Using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, I help people struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship problems, bereavement, anger, and other issues. From teens to seniors, I offer individual, couples and marital therapy that requires an active effort on your part. If you're motivated to work to make needed changes in your life, then please get in touch. I welcome the opportunity to work with you!
I'm a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in private practice for over 20 years. Using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, I help people struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship problems, bereavement, anger, and other issues. From teens to seniors, I offer individual, couples and marital therapy that requires an active effort on your part. If you're motivated to work to make needed changes in your life, then please get in touch. I welcome the opportunity to work with you!
(614) 245-5753 View (614) 245-5753
Photo of Sara Trembath, Counselor in Columbus, OH
Sara Trembath
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43221
I have experience working with all types of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and complex trauma. My secondary specialties include severe chronic mental illness, relationship problems, recovery from previous domestic violence, LTGBQ+ concerns, self-harm, and developmental or attachment wounds from childhood. I continue to take continuing education classes to improve my knowledge and skills in these areas. I especially enjoy working with clients motivated to improve their lives and willing to take responsibility for their success rather than expecting others to do their work.
I have experience working with all types of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and complex trauma. My secondary specialties include severe chronic mental illness, relationship problems, recovery from previous domestic violence, LTGBQ+ concerns, self-harm, and developmental or attachment wounds from childhood. I continue to take continuing education classes to improve my knowledge and skills in these areas. I especially enjoy working with clients motivated to improve their lives and willing to take responsibility for their success rather than expecting others to do their work.
(380) 207-1892 View (380) 207-1892
Photo of Brian Piehl, Psychologist in Columbus, OH
Brian Piehl
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43221
Have you felt hopeless and as if things will not get better? Have you felt pressure and high expectations from family, friends, work, or society? Therapy can help identify sources of hope, give you strategies to cope with life’s difficulties, and assist you in striving toward your goals. I have extensive experience in addressing a wide array of concerns, including anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, suicidal ideation, self-harm behaviors, and other emotional challenges. My clients have shared that they appreciate my empathic, nonjudgmental, collaborative, and exploratory style.
Have you felt hopeless and as if things will not get better? Have you felt pressure and high expectations from family, friends, work, or society? Therapy can help identify sources of hope, give you strategies to cope with life’s difficulties, and assist you in striving toward your goals. I have extensive experience in addressing a wide array of concerns, including anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties, suicidal ideation, self-harm behaviors, and other emotional challenges. My clients have shared that they appreciate my empathic, nonjudgmental, collaborative, and exploratory style.
(614) 705-0026 View (614) 705-0026

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Columbus, OH

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Columbus, OH who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
72% Trauma and PTSD
69% Self Esteem
67% Relationship Issues
64% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Aetna
76% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
69% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Columbus, OH see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Columbus?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.