Therapists in Cheyenne, WY

Photo of Susan Schilt, Counselor in Cheyenne, WY
Susan Schilt
Counselor, PPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cheyenne, WY 82001
Life is not fair. Many of us have learned this in very difficult or traumatic ways. Many of us bear the wounds and scars of broken marriages, families, or abuse; feel overwhelmed and alone; believe we are unloved or rejected; have thoughts we can not control; or can not seem to stop behaviors we know hurt us and those we love. We also know deep down this is not how it is supposed to be. Life is meant to be lived with abundant joy, peace, deep and fulfilling relationships, and acceptance and celebration of who we were created to be. Those who seek help through therapy are the most courageous people I know.
Life is not fair. Many of us have learned this in very difficult or traumatic ways. Many of us bear the wounds and scars of broken marriages, families, or abuse; feel overwhelmed and alone; believe we are unloved or rejected; have thoughts we can not control; or can not seem to stop behaviors we know hurt us and those we love. We also know deep down this is not how it is supposed to be. Life is meant to be lived with abundant joy, peace, deep and fulfilling relationships, and acceptance and celebration of who we were created to be. Those who seek help through therapy are the most courageous people I know.
(307) 632-7771 View (307) 632-7771
Photo of Roxann Shook, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cheyenne, WY
Roxann Shook
Licensed Professional Counselor, Roxann Shook, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82009  (Online Only)
I work with adult women who are engaged in self-discovery and personal growth. They often face challenges such as anxiety, depression, or trauma and are seeking understanding and healing. They long for a safe space to explore their emotions, past experiences, and core beliefs. They endeavor to cultivate self-awareness, develop coping strategies, and build resilience. They want to know how to break free from destructive patterns, improve relationships, and make a life worth living. Ultimately, they desire to live authentically and experience profound meaning and purpose in their lives.
I work with adult women who are engaged in self-discovery and personal growth. They often face challenges such as anxiety, depression, or trauma and are seeking understanding and healing. They long for a safe space to explore their emotions, past experiences, and core beliefs. They endeavor to cultivate self-awareness, develop coping strategies, and build resilience. They want to know how to break free from destructive patterns, improve relationships, and make a life worth living. Ultimately, they desire to live authentically and experience profound meaning and purpose in their lives.
(970) 341-2118 View (970) 341-2118
Photo of Sandra Brausch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cheyenne, WY
Sandra Brausch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82001
The power to change your life lies in your mindset – how you process experiences and the feelings attached to them. Change can seem overwhelming. We can be stuck in the same patterns void of any progress. If you are ready to take control of your life and process uncomfortable experiences head-on, I can help. Choosing your thoughts and feeling your feelings can undo negative patterns and behaviors to create the life you want to live. Therapy is a partnership that takes place in a compassionate and confidential environment, where you can identify and overcome the negative beliefs and patterns that stifle your growth.
The power to change your life lies in your mindset – how you process experiences and the feelings attached to them. Change can seem overwhelming. We can be stuck in the same patterns void of any progress. If you are ready to take control of your life and process uncomfortable experiences head-on, I can help. Choosing your thoughts and feeling your feelings can undo negative patterns and behaviors to create the life you want to live. Therapy is a partnership that takes place in a compassionate and confidential environment, where you can identify and overcome the negative beliefs and patterns that stifle your growth.
(307) 298-2807 View (307) 298-2807
Photo of Heidi McCarty, Pre-Licensed Professional in Cheyenne, WY
Heidi McCarty
Pre-Licensed Professional, PPC
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82001
I believe that there is good in all of us and even though it may seem lost at times, we just need a little help to rediscover that good and use it to help us through life. My goal is to provide a safe, comfortable, and welcoming place for you to discuss your difficulties and find your good and the answers to help you through your life. Education: Bellevue University Master's Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling University of Phoenix Master's Degree in School Counseling Brigham Young University Bachelor's Degree in Marriage, Family, and Human Development
I believe that there is good in all of us and even though it may seem lost at times, we just need a little help to rediscover that good and use it to help us through life. My goal is to provide a safe, comfortable, and welcoming place for you to discuss your difficulties and find your good and the answers to help you through your life. Education: Bellevue University Master's Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling University of Phoenix Master's Degree in School Counseling Brigham Young University Bachelor's Degree in Marriage, Family, and Human Development
(307) 209-9013 View (307) 209-9013
Photo of Chriss Frost, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cheyenne, WY
Chriss Frost
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, PCSW
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82001
My passion is working with individuals that want to make positive changes in their life. Changes can be difficult and life's road can feel overwhelming at times. Through therapy, you can learn tools and skills to make the ride a little smoother. It is my job to provide support as you navigate through your mental health journey. I have a direct, honest, and forward personality that is solution-focused. Start your mental health journey today by contacting me through Specialty Counseling & Consulting or directly through email at the link above.
My passion is working with individuals that want to make positive changes in their life. Changes can be difficult and life's road can feel overwhelming at times. Through therapy, you can learn tools and skills to make the ride a little smoother. It is my job to provide support as you navigate through your mental health journey. I have a direct, honest, and forward personality that is solution-focused. Start your mental health journey today by contacting me through Specialty Counseling & Consulting or directly through email at the link above.
(307) 323-2379 View (307) 323-2379
Photo of Frank Shablo, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cheyenne, WY
Frank Shablo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82001
My name is Frank Shablo and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor based in Green River, Wyoming and offering services statewide via telehealth. My primary modalities are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Reality Therapy, and specialize in helping those struggling with depression, anxiety, serious and persistent mental illness, and substance dependence. I find the best approach to client communication is positive regard. Establishing a therapeutic relationship requires a warm and consistent temperament, active listening, and clearly expressing my understanding of my client's needs.
My name is Frank Shablo and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor based in Green River, Wyoming and offering services statewide via telehealth. My primary modalities are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Reality Therapy, and specialize in helping those struggling with depression, anxiety, serious and persistent mental illness, and substance dependence. I find the best approach to client communication is positive regard. Establishing a therapeutic relationship requires a warm and consistent temperament, active listening, and clearly expressing my understanding of my client's needs.
(307) 240-6093 View (307) 240-6093
Photo of Linnaea D Sutphin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cheyenne, WY
Linnaea D Sutphin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82001
As a counselor, I have experienced beautiful moments with my clients, both children and adults, as they discover the roots of their struggles and begin to emerge as their true selves. I am skilled at forming deep, therapeutic relationships that promote positive change and growth.
As a counselor, I have experienced beautiful moments with my clients, both children and adults, as they discover the roots of their struggles and begin to emerge as their true selves. I am skilled at forming deep, therapeutic relationships that promote positive change and growth.
(307) 312-2928 View (307) 312-2928
Photo of Kaycee K Cook, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cheyenne, WY
Kaycee K Cook
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cheyenne, WY 82001
Waitlist for new clients
There is a transformative power in embracing inner beauty and the world around us, guiding clients toward a purposeful and mindful existence in their daily lives is a priority in my practice. My focus on healthy boundaries serves as a cornerstone, offering the tools for lasting balance and stability. I aim to facilitate emotional liberation from feelings of guilt, low self-esteem, and obstacles hindering self-efficacy, enabling clients to navigate their journeys toward emotional freedom.
There is a transformative power in embracing inner beauty and the world around us, guiding clients toward a purposeful and mindful existence in their daily lives is a priority in my practice. My focus on healthy boundaries serves as a cornerstone, offering the tools for lasting balance and stability. I aim to facilitate emotional liberation from feelings of guilt, low self-esteem, and obstacles hindering self-efficacy, enabling clients to navigate their journeys toward emotional freedom.
(307) 224-9434 View (307) 224-9434
Photo of Adina Loomis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cheyenne, WY
Adina Loomis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82001  (Online Only)
If you feel like you’re fairly self aware but still feel stuck in patterns you don’t want and your awareness is characterized by self criticism and harshness, I encourage you to reach out and see if we’d be a good fit to work together. The root of so many mental health challenges can be found in your relationship with yourself, in the capacity to be attuned to yourself while moving through life and in the ability to be with difficult emotions without getting stuck in them. Trauma is an adaptation to a specific set of circumstances that were not ideal and often results in an impairment in your relationship with yourself.
If you feel like you’re fairly self aware but still feel stuck in patterns you don’t want and your awareness is characterized by self criticism and harshness, I encourage you to reach out and see if we’d be a good fit to work together. The root of so many mental health challenges can be found in your relationship with yourself, in the capacity to be attuned to yourself while moving through life and in the ability to be with difficult emotions without getting stuck in them. Trauma is an adaptation to a specific set of circumstances that were not ideal and often results in an impairment in your relationship with yourself.
(307) 448-1193 View (307) 448-1193
Photo of Caleb Abrams in Cheyenne, WY
Caleb Abrams
CSAT, CCTP, CLC, MA
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82001
Caleb is Certified in the Treatment of Sexual Addiction, is a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional, Ordained Minister, Certified Life Coach, with a Masters of Psychology in Counseling and a Bachelors of Arts in Psychology. Caleb specializes in helping men work through sex addiction but provides counseling services for all kinds of addictions. He also works with clients that are struggling with anxiety, addictive behaviors, depression, PTSD, emotional abuse, mental abuse and trauma of various kinds. His passion is to provide a safe space for his clients and to walk hand-in-hand with them, guiding them through the healing process.
Caleb is Certified in the Treatment of Sexual Addiction, is a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional, Ordained Minister, Certified Life Coach, with a Masters of Psychology in Counseling and a Bachelors of Arts in Psychology. Caleb specializes in helping men work through sex addiction but provides counseling services for all kinds of addictions. He also works with clients that are struggling with anxiety, addictive behaviors, depression, PTSD, emotional abuse, mental abuse and trauma of various kinds. His passion is to provide a safe space for his clients and to walk hand-in-hand with them, guiding them through the healing process.
(614) 660-5482 View (614) 660-5482
Photo of Adelaide Wilson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Cheyenne, WY
Adelaide Wilson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LPC
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82009  (Online Only)
Adelaide Wilson is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with more than 20 years of experience working with adults in the field of mental health. She is passionate about helping adults, individuals, and couples become the best versions of themselves when they address the unique challenges life gives. Adelaide specializes in addiction (alcohol, drug, gambling), anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, communication and relationship issues, and life transitions.
Adelaide Wilson is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with more than 20 years of experience working with adults in the field of mental health. She is passionate about helping adults, individuals, and couples become the best versions of themselves when they address the unique challenges life gives. Adelaide specializes in addiction (alcohol, drug, gambling), anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, communication and relationship issues, and life transitions.
(307) 241-4158 View (307) 241-4158
Photo of Valerie Mitchell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cheyenne, WY
Valerie Mitchell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82001
Hi. Welcome! I have been a counselor in Cheyenne for over 15 years. My practice is specialized in working with trauma, children, adolescents, women's issues, divorce, depression, and anxiety. I truly believe that you have the ability and capability to heal, and I will assist you in obtaining your goal.
Hi. Welcome! I have been a counselor in Cheyenne for over 15 years. My practice is specialized in working with trauma, children, adolescents, women's issues, divorce, depression, and anxiety. I truly believe that you have the ability and capability to heal, and I will assist you in obtaining your goal.
(307) 213-3441 View (307) 213-3441
Photo of Will Pogue, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cheyenne, WY
Will Pogue
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MHA, LPC
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82001
My ideal client would come to therapy ready to engage in the process. The process is not always fun, not quick or easy, but worth the journey in the end. Their issues would be addressed during the journey and goals met, along with an enlightened sense of self and purpose. They would want to get better for themselves but need the help and encouragement of another to guide them to where they have never been able to go before or sustain. They would be accepting of direct feedback and measurable goals to complete a treatment plan in an effective and expediated timetable.
My ideal client would come to therapy ready to engage in the process. The process is not always fun, not quick or easy, but worth the journey in the end. Their issues would be addressed during the journey and goals met, along with an enlightened sense of self and purpose. They would want to get better for themselves but need the help and encouragement of another to guide them to where they have never been able to go before or sustain. They would be accepting of direct feedback and measurable goals to complete a treatment plan in an effective and expediated timetable.
(307) 312-2084 View (307) 312-2084
Photo of Lexie Harper-Goodman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cheyenne, WY
Lexie Harper-Goodman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cheyenne, WY 82001  (Online Only)
Everyone gets stuck and overwhelmed. Feelings of sadness, stress, fear, grief, loneliness, guilt and shame can be painful and make us feel trapped. You are not alone. Everyone requires more self-compassion, kindness and hope. With help, we can explore your thoughts and feelings and strengthen your ability to manage life's ongoing challenges. I appreciate and acknowledge the courage it takes to ask for help and make change. I would be delighted and honored to work with you through your journey.
Everyone gets stuck and overwhelmed. Feelings of sadness, stress, fear, grief, loneliness, guilt and shame can be painful and make us feel trapped. You are not alone. Everyone requires more self-compassion, kindness and hope. With help, we can explore your thoughts and feelings and strengthen your ability to manage life's ongoing challenges. I appreciate and acknowledge the courage it takes to ask for help and make change. I would be delighted and honored to work with you through your journey.
(307) 414-9113 View (307) 414-9113
Photo of Janae Frank, Pre-Licensed Professional in Cheyenne, WY
Janae Frank
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, PPC
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82001
I was born in Erie, Pennsylvania before moving to Wyoming when I was six years old. I have always been passionate about understanding behaviors and mental health and how it impacts our ability to live fulfilling lives. I have worked with the homeless population, adults, couples and families with an array of personal goals. In 2019 I graduated with my Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Grand Canyon University. I felt like I had a great understanding of how our mental health is tied to other important areas of our lives, but I wanted to use that understanding to work with individuals that were struggling for a variety of reasons.
I was born in Erie, Pennsylvania before moving to Wyoming when I was six years old. I have always been passionate about understanding behaviors and mental health and how it impacts our ability to live fulfilling lives. I have worked with the homeless population, adults, couples and families with an array of personal goals. In 2019 I graduated with my Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Grand Canyon University. I felt like I had a great understanding of how our mental health is tied to other important areas of our lives, but I wanted to use that understanding to work with individuals that were struggling for a variety of reasons.
(307) 227-6925 View (307) 227-6925
Photo of Stacey Lane, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cheyenne, WY
Stacey Lane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cheyenne, WY 82001
Not accepting new clients
Greetings! I'm delighted to have you here with me. Your presence brings us one step closer to embarking on a new journey towards healing. If you are facing any hardship or feeling trapped due to identified or unidentified challenges, then I would be honored to have the opportunity to meet with you and explore if I could be the right therapist to help you overcome your struggles.
Greetings! I'm delighted to have you here with me. Your presence brings us one step closer to embarking on a new journey towards healing. If you are facing any hardship or feeling trapped due to identified or unidentified challenges, then I would be honored to have the opportunity to meet with you and explore if I could be the right therapist to help you overcome your struggles.
(307) 317-5564 View (307) 317-5564
Photo of Tiernan McIlwaine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cheyenne, WY
Tiernan McIlwaine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PCSW
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82009  (Online Only)
I welcome the opportunity to serve clients of all ages, and have extensive experience with young children, their families and the professionals who support them. People who work in education are a particular specialty for me after years of providing training and support to this group.
I welcome the opportunity to serve clients of all ages, and have extensive experience with young children, their families and the professionals who support them. People who work in education are a particular specialty for me after years of providing training and support to this group.
(307) 228-4412 View (307) 228-4412
Photo of Jessica Schnug, Pre-Licensed Professional in Cheyenne, WY
Jessica Schnug
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, PCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cheyenne, WY 82001
Hello! I’m happy you’re here! I have unwavering enthusiasm for social work and it fuels my commitment to offering essential mental health services (both online and in person) within my community. My focus has consistently gravitated toward supporting individuals who have endured or are currently navigating trauma, as I find great fulfillment in aiding them on their journey towards healing and comprehension. ​ My dedication extends to addressing the challenges of anxiety and depression among both adolescents and adults.
Hello! I’m happy you’re here! I have unwavering enthusiasm for social work and it fuels my commitment to offering essential mental health services (both online and in person) within my community. My focus has consistently gravitated toward supporting individuals who have endured or are currently navigating trauma, as I find great fulfillment in aiding them on their journey towards healing and comprehension. ​ My dedication extends to addressing the challenges of anxiety and depression among both adolescents and adults.
(307) 414-1894 View (307) 414-1894
Photo of Alyson K Hinman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cheyenne, WY
Alyson K Hinman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Cheyenne, WY 82009
Hi and welcome! I am well-versed in treating depression, anxiety, trauma, chronic pain, and working through difficult life events. I'm developing an interest in working with eating disorders and beginning training in this area. I most enjoy working with military, their families, and first responders. Overall, I believe in a holistic approach to therapy in general and I strongly believe that the well-being of our bodies must be incorporated into mental health treatment if it is to be successful. Email is the best way to get in touch with me.
Hi and welcome! I am well-versed in treating depression, anxiety, trauma, chronic pain, and working through difficult life events. I'm developing an interest in working with eating disorders and beginning training in this area. I most enjoy working with military, their families, and first responders. Overall, I believe in a holistic approach to therapy in general and I strongly believe that the well-being of our bodies must be incorporated into mental health treatment if it is to be successful. Email is the best way to get in touch with me.
(307) 223-0829 View (307) 223-0829
Photo of Hailey Sands, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cheyenne, WY
Hailey Sands
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cheyenne, WY 82009  (Online Only)
I believe in taking a relational, holistic, trauma-informed, and client-centered approach in all my counseling sessions. I want to learn what you value and work collaboratively towards your goals. I believe that we are strong individuals because of who we are, not in spite of who we are. I believe in validating and embracing each individual for who they are, while also challenging them to grow and develop new ways to navigate life's challenges. I want to support you as you discover how to live an authentic, valued life.
I believe in taking a relational, holistic, trauma-informed, and client-centered approach in all my counseling sessions. I want to learn what you value and work collaboratively towards your goals. I believe that we are strong individuals because of who we are, not in spite of who we are. I believe in validating and embracing each individual for who they are, while also challenging them to grow and develop new ways to navigate life's challenges. I want to support you as you discover how to live an authentic, valued life.
(970) 427-2745 View (970) 427-2745

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Cheyenne, WY

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Cheyenne, WY who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
75% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
70% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% Cigna and Evernorth
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Cheyenne, WY see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
19% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Cheyenne?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.