Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of Priscilla R. De Llovio, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Priscilla R. De Llovio
Counselor, LMFT, LCPC, CADC, CST
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
I am a Bilingual (Spanish) Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor, and Certified Sex Therapist who is committed to working with individuals, couples, and families. As part of my specialties and professional interests, I work with adults and couples experiencing relationship and intimacy issues, sexual difficulties/dysfunctions, pre-marital counseling, infidelity, anxiety, depression, trauma, anger management, and compulsive and addictive disorders.
I am a Bilingual (Spanish) Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor, and Certified Sex Therapist who is committed to working with individuals, couples, and families. As part of my specialties and professional interests, I work with adults and couples experiencing relationship and intimacy issues, sexual difficulties/dysfunctions, pre-marital counseling, infidelity, anxiety, depression, trauma, anger management, and compulsive and addictive disorders.
(312) 874-6132 View (312) 874-6132
Photo of Rachel Shine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Rachel Shine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640
Waitlist for new clients
It can sometimes feel as if our thoughts are overtaking us, sending us down a negative or anxious spiral. In these moments, it can be difficult to think clearly, feel connected to our bodies, or even to take a deep breath. We start to panic, realizing that we are spiraling downwards, which often leads to even more panic. This negative or anxious spiral does not just live in our minds, but also impacts our everyday lives--we can experience difficulty sleeping, flashbacks, changed eating habits, or withdrawal from social activities, among other things.
It can sometimes feel as if our thoughts are overtaking us, sending us down a negative or anxious spiral. In these moments, it can be difficult to think clearly, feel connected to our bodies, or even to take a deep breath. We start to panic, realizing that we are spiraling downwards, which often leads to even more panic. This negative or anxious spiral does not just live in our minds, but also impacts our everyday lives--we can experience difficulty sleeping, flashbacks, changed eating habits, or withdrawal from social activities, among other things.
(872) 401-6627 View (872) 401-6627
Photo of Aviva S Brill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Aviva S Brill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60654
Taking a holistic, multi-modality approach with my clients provides more tools for creative exploration, discovery and problem solving. This range of tools rests upon a solid foundation of trust-building and providing a safe, non-judgmental space. I specialize in parenting, aging parents, communication in relationships with partners and children, workplace challenges and transitions, and management of time, stress and anxiety.
Taking a holistic, multi-modality approach with my clients provides more tools for creative exploration, discovery and problem solving. This range of tools rests upon a solid foundation of trust-building and providing a safe, non-judgmental space. I specialize in parenting, aging parents, communication in relationships with partners and children, workplace challenges and transitions, and management of time, stress and anxiety.
(630) 382-8358 View (630) 382-8358
Photo of Kay E Holler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Kay E Holler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60625
I specialize with working with adoptive families. I help children make stronger bonds with their families, and work through areas of conflict. I work with non-adoptive children and families as well.
I specialize with working with adoptive families. I help children make stronger bonds with their families, and work through areas of conflict. I work with non-adoptive children and families as well.
(773) 537-4152 x1 View (773) 537-4152 x1
Photo of Katty Li, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Katty Li
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60604
Do you find yourself caught in a cycle of self-criticism, leading to persistent feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness? Do your emotions sometimes overwhelm you, resulting in reactions that feel disproportionate to the situation? Navigating relationships can become even more challenging when affected by family dynamics. Maybe you have been having concerns with anxiety, trauma, depression, grief/ loss, life transitions, career/school stress, self-harm, and relationship challenges. Perhaps you’ve become discouraged by your attempts to help yourself. That’s what I’m here for.
Do you find yourself caught in a cycle of self-criticism, leading to persistent feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness? Do your emotions sometimes overwhelm you, resulting in reactions that feel disproportionate to the situation? Navigating relationships can become even more challenging when affected by family dynamics. Maybe you have been having concerns with anxiety, trauma, depression, grief/ loss, life transitions, career/school stress, self-harm, and relationship challenges. Perhaps you’ve become discouraged by your attempts to help yourself. That’s what I’m here for.
(708) 381-2655 View (708) 381-2655
Photo of Yael Zahtz, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Yael Zahtz
Psychologist, MEd, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60640
Dr. Zahtz believes that therapy is a fluid process, there is no “one size fits all”. In her work with children, adolescents, and families she very much views each individual and/or family as their own entity with their own experiences, thoughts, feelings, ways of interacting, and values. Therefore, her approach to therapy is to first gain an empathic understanding of the entity that is in front of her and then determine what approach or approaches may be the most helpful for that individual situation.
Dr. Zahtz believes that therapy is a fluid process, there is no “one size fits all”. In her work with children, adolescents, and families she very much views each individual and/or family as their own entity with their own experiences, thoughts, feelings, ways of interacting, and values. Therefore, her approach to therapy is to first gain an empathic understanding of the entity that is in front of her and then determine what approach or approaches may be the most helpful for that individual situation.
(773) 692-0648 x2008 View (773) 692-0648 x2008
Photo of Shaye Mueller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Shaye Mueller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC-A, ATR-P, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60660  (Online Only)
If you are tired of talking in circles, feel burnt out, and stuck, then you've come to the right place. I use a body-centered and arts-based approach so that you can dive deeper, break free from toxic cycles, and make meaningful change in your life. While I am an art therapist, art is not required for us to work together. You set the pace and I will meet you where you're at. I specialize in helping those with anxiety, life changes, relationship problems, trauma, cycle breaking, depression, & perinatal issues.
If you are tired of talking in circles, feel burnt out, and stuck, then you've come to the right place. I use a body-centered and arts-based approach so that you can dive deeper, break free from toxic cycles, and make meaningful change in your life. While I am an art therapist, art is not required for us to work together. You set the pace and I will meet you where you're at. I specialize in helping those with anxiety, life changes, relationship problems, trauma, cycle breaking, depression, & perinatal issues.
(773) 232-5723 View (773) 232-5723
Photo of Stephen Brian Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Stephen Brian Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60601
I am accepting new clients. My career in Social Work has instilled in me a compassion to work with those most marginalized among us. As I have found purpose in my path I want to help others find similarly meaning and purpose which leads to deeper fulfillment. I provide guidance and support during stressful life transitions while discovering your truest identity and desire. I want to help you transform from feeling stuck into finding meaning and mission. I work with helping you find your calling! I also provide relationship counseling based on the Gottman Methodology.
I am accepting new clients. My career in Social Work has instilled in me a compassion to work with those most marginalized among us. As I have found purpose in my path I want to help others find similarly meaning and purpose which leads to deeper fulfillment. I provide guidance and support during stressful life transitions while discovering your truest identity and desire. I want to help you transform from feeling stuck into finding meaning and mission. I work with helping you find your calling! I also provide relationship counseling based on the Gottman Methodology.
(312) 818-4483 View (312) 818-4483
Photo of Meghan Kean, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Meghan Kean
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60643
Reaching out and asking for help is often a brave and difficult first step. There are many reasons why people seek out therapy. I work to create a safe and supportive environment for all of my clients, so that they may begin to explore and understand themselves, their feelings, and their way of relating to others. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process and a strong therapeutic relationship enables change to happen. I tailor my approach to meet each of my client's unique needs.
Reaching out and asking for help is often a brave and difficult first step. There are many reasons why people seek out therapy. I work to create a safe and supportive environment for all of my clients, so that they may begin to explore and understand themselves, their feelings, and their way of relating to others. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process and a strong therapeutic relationship enables change to happen. I tailor my approach to meet each of my client's unique needs.
(773) 417-1204 View (773) 417-1204
Photo of Drew Singeisen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Drew Singeisen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60625  (Online Only)
Do you feel overwhelmed by anxiety, depression, or stress? Maybe you're struggling with a difficult relationship or a loss. Perhaps you're on a journey of self-discovery or facing a major life transition. Whatever your situation, I'm here to help. As your therapist, I create a safe and supportive space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings. I understand that life can be complex, and I'm dedicated to collaboratively working with you. We'll tailor an approach that meets your specific needs, drawing on evidence-based practices to help you develop healthy coping, improve communication, and build resilience.
Do you feel overwhelmed by anxiety, depression, or stress? Maybe you're struggling with a difficult relationship or a loss. Perhaps you're on a journey of self-discovery or facing a major life transition. Whatever your situation, I'm here to help. As your therapist, I create a safe and supportive space for you to explore your thoughts and feelings. I understand that life can be complex, and I'm dedicated to collaboratively working with you. We'll tailor an approach that meets your specific needs, drawing on evidence-based practices to help you develop healthy coping, improve communication, and build resilience.
(708) 726-3592 View (708) 726-3592
Photo of Interaction Dynamics, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Interaction Dynamics
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611
We believe in taking a strengths-based approach to serving clients. Through our comprehensive services, we work to maximize your strengths to help you reach your full potential. We treat each client based on the unique needs they bring into the room; hence we will help you to stay motivated and supported as you work towards your goals. Our wide array of treatment services include psychotherapy for individuals, couples, families, and groups of all ages; as well as testing and evaluation, coaching, and consultation. We are committed to helping you make positive changes in your life and we work to provide a safe environment for doing s
We believe in taking a strengths-based approach to serving clients. Through our comprehensive services, we work to maximize your strengths to help you reach your full potential. We treat each client based on the unique needs they bring into the room; hence we will help you to stay motivated and supported as you work towards your goals. Our wide array of treatment services include psychotherapy for individuals, couples, families, and groups of all ages; as well as testing and evaluation, coaching, and consultation. We are committed to helping you make positive changes in your life and we work to provide a safe environment for doing s
(312) 248-9385 View (312) 248-9385
Photo of Lisa Yusk Bowker, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Lisa Yusk Bowker
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602
My preference is to work with adults and couples, and to meet them where they are emotionally. From there we explore what their struggles are in their daily lives, the pain that brings them into my office, and typically use insight and a focus on their past conflicts and hurts to bring peace and resolution into their present lives.
My preference is to work with adults and couples, and to meet them where they are emotionally. From there we explore what their struggles are in their daily lives, the pain that brings them into my office, and typically use insight and a focus on their past conflicts and hurts to bring peace and resolution into their present lives.
(773) 747-5967 View (773) 747-5967
Photo of Beth Pettinelli, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Beth Pettinelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611
I have a passion for creating therapeutic spaces for support and growth. My practice experience includes work with adults, children, adolescents, and families who are presently suffering with trauma, grief, relationship issues, divorce, parenting challenges, life transitions, depression, anxiety disorders and a wide array of life circumstances. As a seasoned psychotherapist, I blend compassion, intellectual insights, and current research to address you or your loved ones unique needs and create a space in which empowerment and hope may flourish. I welcome working with diverse clients collaboratively towards their goals.
I have a passion for creating therapeutic spaces for support and growth. My practice experience includes work with adults, children, adolescents, and families who are presently suffering with trauma, grief, relationship issues, divorce, parenting challenges, life transitions, depression, anxiety disorders and a wide array of life circumstances. As a seasoned psychotherapist, I blend compassion, intellectual insights, and current research to address you or your loved ones unique needs and create a space in which empowerment and hope may flourish. I welcome working with diverse clients collaboratively towards their goals.
(847) 512-3443 View (847) 512-3443
Photo of Jonah Stevenson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Jonah Stevenson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601
You want more out of life than just the never-ending chaos of grinding at work and struggling with superficial relationships. Your thoughts may get the best of you and leave you stuck around positions and people that don't encourage you to live out your best life. You're hoping that one of these days things will magically click in order and things will change, but that day hasn't come, and you're fed up. Life seems to lack meaning and depth, and yet you yearn to explore a life of value and relationships with others who get you for who you are.
You want more out of life than just the never-ending chaos of grinding at work and struggling with superficial relationships. Your thoughts may get the best of you and leave you stuck around positions and people that don't encourage you to live out your best life. You're hoping that one of these days things will magically click in order and things will change, but that day hasn't come, and you're fed up. Life seems to lack meaning and depth, and yet you yearn to explore a life of value and relationships with others who get you for who you are.
(312) 535-9822 View (312) 535-9822
Photo of Eve Haydt, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Eve Haydt
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601
Eve Haydt (she/they) is a psychotherapist with experience working with clients across the lifespan and in a variety of clinical settings. She enjoys working with individuals with anxiety, trauma, depression, eating disorders, and body image concerns. Eve utilizes an integrative and collaborative approach to treatment with a focus on the client’s unique values and goals. She often combines CBT, DBT, and relational approaches. Eve also enjoys integrating systemic and cultural perspectives in her work with clients.
Eve Haydt (she/they) is a psychotherapist with experience working with clients across the lifespan and in a variety of clinical settings. She enjoys working with individuals with anxiety, trauma, depression, eating disorders, and body image concerns. Eve utilizes an integrative and collaborative approach to treatment with a focus on the client’s unique values and goals. She often combines CBT, DBT, and relational approaches. Eve also enjoys integrating systemic and cultural perspectives in her work with clients.
(312) 847-2875 View (312) 847-2875
Photo of Izzy Brown, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Izzy Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, R-DMT
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611
Holistic healing can be the start to your journey into self-discovery, growth, and connection to the present moment. Talk therapy, in addition to movement interventions, will unlock the person you are meant to be. Connecting mind, body, and spirit will ignite empowerment and wholeness from within as we rewrite your narrative. What is beautiful about this work is that it is for everyone and anyone! Whatever your struggle may be, I am here as a dance/movement therapist to provide safety as we discover your passions, values and goals. We will collaborate together for long term wellness.
Holistic healing can be the start to your journey into self-discovery, growth, and connection to the present moment. Talk therapy, in addition to movement interventions, will unlock the person you are meant to be. Connecting mind, body, and spirit will ignite empowerment and wholeness from within as we rewrite your narrative. What is beautiful about this work is that it is for everyone and anyone! Whatever your struggle may be, I am here as a dance/movement therapist to provide safety as we discover your passions, values and goals. We will collaborate together for long term wellness.
(872) 259-1243 View (872) 259-1243
Photo of Melissa Filippi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Melissa Filippi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60639
I specialize in working with clients with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, sleep issues, stress, Autism, health problems, and Christian life coaching. Teenagers through senior adults experiencing depression, anxiety, OCD, complex trauma/dissociation, eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, suicidality, self-harm, substance abuse, and bipolar disorder are clients that would be a good fit for my expertise. I practice from a relational model and often use emotion-focused, person-centered interventions while also incorporating more concrete skills including CBT or DBT.
I specialize in working with clients with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, sleep issues, stress, Autism, health problems, and Christian life coaching. Teenagers through senior adults experiencing depression, anxiety, OCD, complex trauma/dissociation, eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, suicidality, self-harm, substance abuse, and bipolar disorder are clients that would be a good fit for my expertise. I practice from a relational model and often use emotion-focused, person-centered interventions while also incorporating more concrete skills including CBT or DBT.
(773) 832-5544 View (773) 832-5544
Photo of Nathalie R. Henaine, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Nathalie R. Henaine
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60647
It is my sincere belief that the relationship I build with my client serves as the most critical part of therapeutic healing. Overwhelming, painful, and traumatic experiences can leave us feeling insecure in ourselves and the world. My goals are to create a space for you to be seen and heard, to be a first-hand witness to your story, and to move us towards the changes you want to see in your life.
It is my sincere belief that the relationship I build with my client serves as the most critical part of therapeutic healing. Overwhelming, painful, and traumatic experiences can leave us feeling insecure in ourselves and the world. My goals are to create a space for you to be seen and heard, to be a first-hand witness to your story, and to move us towards the changes you want to see in your life.
View
Photo of Ashley Harden, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Ashley Harden
Pre-Licensed Professional, Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60618
Not accepting new clients
I love working with people who are ready to do the work necessary to get to where they want. Many of the people that I work with are experiencing anxiety or are stressed due to work or life changes. I really enjoy working with artists and performers of all types no matter the medium (musicians, engineers, artists, dancers, athletes etc.). I also like working with military Veterans and military families including Gold Star families that have lost loved ones that were in the service. I am always down to work with people to assist them in maneuvering the grief and depression they may be experiencing.
I love working with people who are ready to do the work necessary to get to where they want. Many of the people that I work with are experiencing anxiety or are stressed due to work or life changes. I really enjoy working with artists and performers of all types no matter the medium (musicians, engineers, artists, dancers, athletes etc.). I also like working with military Veterans and military families including Gold Star families that have lost loved ones that were in the service. I am always down to work with people to assist them in maneuvering the grief and depression they may be experiencing.
(773) 839-6102 View (773) 839-6102
Photo of Jacob Kaufman, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Jacob Kaufman
Counselor, JD, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60604
Sometimes it is time to just stop. Stop believing that voice in your head that is so demanding, so critical, so unkind. Stop running, stop fighting, stop avoiding, stop numbing. Sometimes it is time to start. Start waking up, start feeling more alive, start coming home, start loving yourself and others more deeply than ever before. Becoming more present in this constantly beeping and flickering culture of ours is the major personal challenge of the 21st century. Feelings of joy and contentment take place now, not in the future or the past. Experiencing your feelings fully is the key to opening the door to a more satisfying life.
Sometimes it is time to just stop. Stop believing that voice in your head that is so demanding, so critical, so unkind. Stop running, stop fighting, stop avoiding, stop numbing. Sometimes it is time to start. Start waking up, start feeling more alive, start coming home, start loving yourself and others more deeply than ever before. Becoming more present in this constantly beeping and flickering culture of ours is the major personal challenge of the 21st century. Feelings of joy and contentment take place now, not in the future or the past. Experiencing your feelings fully is the key to opening the door to a more satisfying life.
(630) 912-0284 View (630) 912-0284

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.