Therapists in Mobile, AL

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Photo of Erica Sweatt, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mobile, AL
Erica Sweatt
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36609  (Online Only)
OCD/OCPD can be exhausting. The “what if” thoughts, distressing, violent, or taboo scenarios and images that get stuck in your mind. The checking, redoing, and repeating. The need to do and be perfect, right, and best. It can rule your life and cause anxiety, depressed mood, health, career, and relationship issues. I'm sure you have imagined a life without these obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors and how you could be calmer, clearer, more connected without them. A free and balanced life is possible, and I can help you achieve that.
OCD/OCPD can be exhausting. The “what if” thoughts, distressing, violent, or taboo scenarios and images that get stuck in your mind. The checking, redoing, and repeating. The need to do and be perfect, right, and best. It can rule your life and cause anxiety, depressed mood, health, career, and relationship issues. I'm sure you have imagined a life without these obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors and how you could be calmer, clearer, more connected without them. A free and balanced life is possible, and I can help you achieve that.
(251) 810-8207 View (251) 810-8207
Photo of Jenny Thurber, Counselor in Mobile, AL
Jenny Thurber
Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36609
Every person has an inherent need to feel seen, heard, and understood. When these critical needs aren't met, it's common for coping mechanisms that are both ineffective and self-destructive to take shape, which can then lead to feelings of frustration, isolation, and a sense of being "stuck." Whether your negative feelings manifest themselves as anxiety, depression, impulsive behaviors, addiction, or the inability to connect with others, navigating these struggles alone can be overwhelming. No matter how helpless you may feel, it's important to know that you're not alone. Finding healing and freedom is possible!
Every person has an inherent need to feel seen, heard, and understood. When these critical needs aren't met, it's common for coping mechanisms that are both ineffective and self-destructive to take shape, which can then lead to feelings of frustration, isolation, and a sense of being "stuck." Whether your negative feelings manifest themselves as anxiety, depression, impulsive behaviors, addiction, or the inability to connect with others, navigating these struggles alone can be overwhelming. No matter how helpless you may feel, it's important to know that you're not alone. Finding healing and freedom is possible!
(251) 325-6393 View (251) 325-6393
Photo of Flourish Psychotherapy Services, LLC , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mobile, AL
Flourish Psychotherapy Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, PIP
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36604
Waitlist for new clients
My practice offers services to individuals who struggle with anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress, and obsessive compulsive disorders. Additionally, I work with families endeavoring to support a loved one who experiences emotion dysregulation and suicidality as well as families who are navigating LGBTQ+ identities.
My practice offers services to individuals who struggle with anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress, and obsessive compulsive disorders. Additionally, I work with families endeavoring to support a loved one who experiences emotion dysregulation and suicidality as well as families who are navigating LGBTQ+ identities.
(251) 220-6912 View (251) 220-6912
Photo of Heather Renee Hart, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
Heather Renee Hart
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36693
I received my bachelor degree in Psychology at the University of Mobile. I also have a Masters of Science degree in Community Counseling from the University of South Alabama.I have experience working with substance abuse, personality disorders, in children and adolescents, adults of all ages with depression and anxiety. I also do anger management, stress reduction therapy, family therapy, marriage counseling, group, and individual therapy.
I received my bachelor degree in Psychology at the University of Mobile. I also have a Masters of Science degree in Community Counseling from the University of South Alabama.I have experience working with substance abuse, personality disorders, in children and adolescents, adults of all ages with depression and anxiety. I also do anger management, stress reduction therapy, family therapy, marriage counseling, group, and individual therapy.
(251) 274-0247 View (251) 274-0247
Photo of Master's Life Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mobile, AL
Master's Life Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36693
I am a licensed, Christian therapist in Alabama and Mississippi. I hold a simple perspective on counseling; you are the expert about your life. I am a straightforward counselor who blends compassion and faith with proven psychological tools. Working together, we can identify your issues and your strengths, determine how to incorporate those strengths into your life to make the changes you want, and then monitor your progress. My job is to help you sort through your difficulties by offering a safe, hopeful, and encouraging place for you to be open and honest without any fear of judgment.
I am a licensed, Christian therapist in Alabama and Mississippi. I hold a simple perspective on counseling; you are the expert about your life. I am a straightforward counselor who blends compassion and faith with proven psychological tools. Working together, we can identify your issues and your strengths, determine how to incorporate those strengths into your life to make the changes you want, and then monitor your progress. My job is to help you sort through your difficulties by offering a safe, hopeful, and encouraging place for you to be open and honest without any fear of judgment.
(251) 661-1551 View (251) 661-1551
Photo of John Samuel Marshall, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
John Samuel Marshall
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36606
ALL of us (Especially Todays Veterans) have had Experiences or been in Circumstances that can cause over-whelming Emotional Problems: Nightmares, Feelings of Impending Doom, Intense Nervousness and Depression which can leave us feeling out of control... Counseling is a good first step to begin to heal. I offer Assessment and Counseling to address: Personal - Family - Marital 'Life's' Issues and 'Veteran's' Issues (Primarily those that resulted in 'PTSD.'). I will help and encourage you in telling your 'story'. 'Living in-to the events' that caused your distress is essential for you to be able to move on.
ALL of us (Especially Todays Veterans) have had Experiences or been in Circumstances that can cause over-whelming Emotional Problems: Nightmares, Feelings of Impending Doom, Intense Nervousness and Depression which can leave us feeling out of control... Counseling is a good first step to begin to heal. I offer Assessment and Counseling to address: Personal - Family - Marital 'Life's' Issues and 'Veteran's' Issues (Primarily those that resulted in 'PTSD.'). I will help and encourage you in telling your 'story'. 'Living in-to the events' that caused your distress is essential for you to be able to move on.
(251) 345-6173 View (251) 345-6173
Photo of Angelia Clausell Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
Angelia Clausell Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36609  (Online Only)
My ideal client is someone who is seeking help for their mental health concerns, such as anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, or relationship issues. They are motivated to work on their issues and are open to exploring new coping strategies and treatment options. Their needs revolve around feeling supported, validated, and understood in a nonjudgmental and safe environment. They are looking for guidance and direction to navigate through their struggles and make positive changes in their life. Their goals may include improving their self-esteem, developing healthier coping mechanisms, and creating more fulfilling relationships.
My ideal client is someone who is seeking help for their mental health concerns, such as anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, or relationship issues. They are motivated to work on their issues and are open to exploring new coping strategies and treatment options. Their needs revolve around feeling supported, validated, and understood in a nonjudgmental and safe environment. They are looking for guidance and direction to navigate through their struggles and make positive changes in their life. Their goals may include improving their self-esteem, developing healthier coping mechanisms, and creating more fulfilling relationships.
(251) 250-0851 View (251) 250-0851
Photo of Erin Vaughn, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
Erin Vaughn
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36695
I specialize in working with adolescents and families who have experienced trauma. I have been trained in child-centered play therapy including sand tray therapy. My counseling style is an eclectic approach blending Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, play therapy, and Client-Centered therapy. I also have advocacy experience in helping families locate and utilize resources necessary for helping them get back on their feet after experiencing trauma.
I specialize in working with adolescents and families who have experienced trauma. I have been trained in child-centered play therapy including sand tray therapy. My counseling style is an eclectic approach blending Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, play therapy, and Client-Centered therapy. I also have advocacy experience in helping families locate and utilize resources necessary for helping them get back on their feet after experiencing trauma.
(251) 220-5240 View (251) 220-5240
Photo of Dottie Estes Presley, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
Dottie Estes Presley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC, EMDR, ASDCS
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36695
I Love working with children and families because I feel that the family is so important in the development of children. Helping kids to have a better home life or helping improve their transition during a divorce, a recent move, or a new school environment is an important part of my practice. I also enjoy working with adults to help them achieve their best life. I use an eclectic approach that includes: child-centered play therapy, sand tray therapy, cognitive behavioral, solution focused and client centered therapy. I also enjoy helping clients to find their own strengths and ways to utilize those strengths to have their best life
I Love working with children and families because I feel that the family is so important in the development of children. Helping kids to have a better home life or helping improve their transition during a divorce, a recent move, or a new school environment is an important part of my practice. I also enjoy working with adults to help them achieve their best life. I use an eclectic approach that includes: child-centered play therapy, sand tray therapy, cognitive behavioral, solution focused and client centered therapy. I also enjoy helping clients to find their own strengths and ways to utilize those strengths to have their best life
(251) 304-9041 View (251) 304-9041
Photo of Veronica Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
Veronica Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ADC, ICADC, ACGC-II
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36606
Welcome to LPC Services ~ Your Behavioral Health Specialist. I have over 15 years of experience working with adolescence, adults, and families who struggle with chemical/gambling addictions, mood disorders, risky behaviors, parenting concerns, and relationship matters. I provide individual, couples, & group counseling sessions Monday-Friday from 8:00am-6:00pm. Services can also be provided to help you fulfill the counseling mandates for your DHR matters, city/state/federal probation requirements, and employment/EAP requirements.
Welcome to LPC Services ~ Your Behavioral Health Specialist. I have over 15 years of experience working with adolescence, adults, and families who struggle with chemical/gambling addictions, mood disorders, risky behaviors, parenting concerns, and relationship matters. I provide individual, couples, & group counseling sessions Monday-Friday from 8:00am-6:00pm. Services can also be provided to help you fulfill the counseling mandates for your DHR matters, city/state/federal probation requirements, and employment/EAP requirements.
(251) 272-3722 View (251) 272-3722
Photo of Tiesha L Taylor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mobile, AL
Tiesha L Taylor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36609
Many of us wake up every day with feelings of the unknown- not knowing how we feel, what led us down this road, wondering how to deal with it and if we will be judged. We put on FACE daily to hide the depression, anxiety, loneliness and bottled up pain that we feel just so, we do not have to answer the uncomfortable question of, “What’s wrong”. Not realizing that not being honest with ourselves is making our emotional and psychological state worse. Faces Therapeutic and wellness was designed to assist you with peeling away your many faces so that complete emotional and psychological healing can take place.
Many of us wake up every day with feelings of the unknown- not knowing how we feel, what led us down this road, wondering how to deal with it and if we will be judged. We put on FACE daily to hide the depression, anxiety, loneliness and bottled up pain that we feel just so, we do not have to answer the uncomfortable question of, “What’s wrong”. Not realizing that not being honest with ourselves is making our emotional and psychological state worse. Faces Therapeutic and wellness was designed to assist you with peeling away your many faces so that complete emotional and psychological healing can take place.
(251) 319-7144 View (251) 319-7144
Photo of Cindy Perronne, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
Cindy Perronne
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, ADC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mobile, AL 36608
Waitlist for new clients
I work with young adults, adults and couples. I want to help you meet your goals.
I work with young adults, adults and couples. I want to help you meet your goals.
(251) 237-9387 View (251) 237-9387
Photo of Deborah P Carmichael, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
Deborah P Carmichael
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36608
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I have worked with a wide variety of people, including the seriously mentally ill, those addicted to substances, personality disorders, and others just having trouble figuring out life's expectations. I want to work with you to help you move forward when you are not getting the most out of your life, you feel stuck or alone, for reasons you can explain and for reasons you cannot explain. Are you open to therapy and making a change? Let me help you navigate your world and help you make the changes necessary to make a difference.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I have worked with a wide variety of people, including the seriously mentally ill, those addicted to substances, personality disorders, and others just having trouble figuring out life's expectations. I want to work with you to help you move forward when you are not getting the most out of your life, you feel stuck or alone, for reasons you can explain and for reasons you cannot explain. Are you open to therapy and making a change? Let me help you navigate your world and help you make the changes necessary to make a difference.
(251) 317-3214 View (251) 317-3214
Photo of Anna Barksdale, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
Anna Barksdale
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, LPC-S, LLC
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36603
As a counselor who specializes in anxiety and depression, I understand the unique challenges that you face. I am passionate about helping you find happiness and peace in your life. Whether it’s navigating changes such as aging, perimenopause and menopause and midlife changes, grief & loss, re-evaluation of relationships and self-worth, I can help. My goal is to provide support and guidance so that my clients can achieve the happiness they deserve.
As a counselor who specializes in anxiety and depression, I understand the unique challenges that you face. I am passionate about helping you find happiness and peace in your life. Whether it’s navigating changes such as aging, perimenopause and menopause and midlife changes, grief & loss, re-evaluation of relationships and self-worth, I can help. My goal is to provide support and guidance so that my clients can achieve the happiness they deserve.
(251) 281-0514 View (251) 281-0514
Photo of Lindsey Gurley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mobile, AL
Lindsey Gurley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PIP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Mobile, AL 36609
When people have experienced trauma, losses, stressors, and difficulties in relationships, they sometimes struggle to find hope. When relationships with friends, children & family are confusing and challenging, many feel isolated. You may judge yourself harshly instead of practicing self-compassion, leading to feelings of low self-esteem. In addition to meeting the needs of people struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and family conflict, members of the adoption triad will find a safe space here to explore their story and prepare to meet the unique needs that encompass adoption.
When people have experienced trauma, losses, stressors, and difficulties in relationships, they sometimes struggle to find hope. When relationships with friends, children & family are confusing and challenging, many feel isolated. You may judge yourself harshly instead of practicing self-compassion, leading to feelings of low self-esteem. In addition to meeting the needs of people struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and family conflict, members of the adoption triad will find a safe space here to explore their story and prepare to meet the unique needs that encompass adoption.
(251) 235-5506 View (251) 235-5506
Photo of Jasmine D Clinton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
Jasmine D Clinton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mobile, AL 36609
“To change ourselves effectively, we first had to change our perceptions.” Stephen R. Covey’s words summarize the basis of my work as a therapist—helping others to change their perceptions. I strive to assist individuals and families gain a renewed perspective and work towards overcoming trauma and/or conflict in their lives.
“To change ourselves effectively, we first had to change our perceptions.” Stephen R. Covey’s words summarize the basis of my work as a therapist—helping others to change their perceptions. I strive to assist individuals and families gain a renewed perspective and work towards overcoming trauma and/or conflict in their lives.
(251) 220-0113 View (251) 220-0113
Photo of Renewed Life Counseling LLC, Pre-Licensed Professional in Mobile, AL
Renewed Life Counseling LLC
Pre-Licensed Professional, Alc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mobile, AL 36602
As a mental health professional I like to take a person centered approach to my clients. As a clinician I feel as though you have to meet people where they are. Not one individual is just like another individual, we are all very unique and so are our needs. I approach each client as if he or she is a blank slate. The only expert to a clients needs is that client. I never approach a client with any all or nothing or black and white thinking. My goal as a clinician is to help each client get to reach his or her fullest potential. The ultimate goal while working with clients is guiding them to reach their greatest potential.
As a mental health professional I like to take a person centered approach to my clients. As a clinician I feel as though you have to meet people where they are. Not one individual is just like another individual, we are all very unique and so are our needs. I approach each client as if he or she is a blank slate. The only expert to a clients needs is that client. I never approach a client with any all or nothing or black and white thinking. My goal as a clinician is to help each client get to reach his or her fullest potential. The ultimate goal while working with clients is guiding them to reach their greatest potential.
(251) 512-5212 View (251) 512-5212
Photo of Lee Nowlin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mobile, AL
Lee Nowlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PIP
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36695
Why try therapy? Because you deserve it. You deserve to be listened to, to be understood and not told to "just snap out of it". You deserve to take care of yourself, to feel good about yourself and to believe that you matter. You deserve to learn ways to manage and deal with depression, anxiety, the past, addictive behaviors, negative self-talk, feelings of worthlessness, and/or overwhelming life issues so that they do not dominate and control your life.
Why try therapy? Because you deserve it. You deserve to be listened to, to be understood and not told to "just snap out of it". You deserve to take care of yourself, to feel good about yourself and to believe that you matter. You deserve to learn ways to manage and deal with depression, anxiety, the past, addictive behaviors, negative self-talk, feelings of worthlessness, and/or overwhelming life issues so that they do not dominate and control your life.
(251) 220-3250 View (251) 220-3250
Photo of Pilar Bell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mobile, AL
Pilar Bell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PIP
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36604
Seeking a therapist is a great first step to getting the assistance and support you deserve. Thank you for starting this journey. I will listen to your concerns, provide real world feedback and walk alongside you, guiding you through difficulties you may face. My clinical training, experience, and wisdom creates a space for people to develop into confident, balanced individuals. I do therapy because I want to make a safe space for growth. I am thrilled to get the opportunity to help you reach your happy, fulfilled self.
Seeking a therapist is a great first step to getting the assistance and support you deserve. Thank you for starting this journey. I will listen to your concerns, provide real world feedback and walk alongside you, guiding you through difficulties you may face. My clinical training, experience, and wisdom creates a space for people to develop into confident, balanced individuals. I do therapy because I want to make a safe space for growth. I am thrilled to get the opportunity to help you reach your happy, fulfilled self.
(251) 265-4790 View (251) 265-4790
Photo of Inner Harmony Counseling, LLC - Rachel Morrison, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mobile, AL
Inner Harmony Counseling, LLC - Rachel Morrison
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Mobile, AL 36609
Not accepting new clients
Is anxiety creating roadblocks in your life and your relationships? Are you finding it difficult to heal from pain associated with the past? On the outside, it seems like you have it all together, but on the inside, you’re struggling to make it through the day. You desperately want to just be yourself, but you’re not even sure who you are anymore. Hiding who you are from others and living your life according to what you believe others think you should do or say is making you miserable.
Is anxiety creating roadblocks in your life and your relationships? Are you finding it difficult to heal from pain associated with the past? On the outside, it seems like you have it all together, but on the inside, you’re struggling to make it through the day. You desperately want to just be yourself, but you’re not even sure who you are anymore. Hiding who you are from others and living your life according to what you believe others think you should do or say is making you miserable.
(251) 255-9915 View (251) 255-9915

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Mobile, AL

200+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Mobile, AL who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
86% Depression
75% Coping Skills
73% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
67% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% BlueCross and BlueShield
47% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
45% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Mobile, AL see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Mobile?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.