Therapists in Washington, DC

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Photo of Dr. Pooja Datta, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Dr. Pooja Datta
Psychologist, PhD, MEd
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20004
Welcome! I am a licensed clinical psychologist in the DMV and currently offering therapy and evaluation services out of my office in Downtown DC/Penn Quarter area and virtually. I provide individual psychotherapy with a strong skill-set in trauma-informed care for adolescents, young adults, adults, and women of color. I draw from my background in cognitive-behavioral skills training, family systems, and relational-cultural therapy. My approach is best described as warm, direct, and collaborative. Please reach out to me via email or phone call for a consultation to see if I could be a good fit for your needs.
Welcome! I am a licensed clinical psychologist in the DMV and currently offering therapy and evaluation services out of my office in Downtown DC/Penn Quarter area and virtually. I provide individual psychotherapy with a strong skill-set in trauma-informed care for adolescents, young adults, adults, and women of color. I draw from my background in cognitive-behavioral skills training, family systems, and relational-cultural therapy. My approach is best described as warm, direct, and collaborative. Please reach out to me via email or phone call for a consultation to see if I could be a good fit for your needs.
(202) 902-7151 View (202) 902-7151
Photo of Meg Cusack, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Meg Cusack
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20006
My clients are often facing a full range of personal and professional challenges - I offer them a space for processing with dignity, strength and maturity. I bring to my clients objectivity, insight, candor, resourcefulness, commitment and compassion so that they work safely to relieve anxiety or stress, improve mood and physical health, re-examine career goals, enhance personal relationships, address and heal from trauma injuries, resolve serious impairment of work performance and emotional stability from addictive behaviors, strengthen personal interests and reengage in life.
My clients are often facing a full range of personal and professional challenges - I offer them a space for processing with dignity, strength and maturity. I bring to my clients objectivity, insight, candor, resourcefulness, commitment and compassion so that they work safely to relieve anxiety or stress, improve mood and physical health, re-examine career goals, enhance personal relationships, address and heal from trauma injuries, resolve serious impairment of work performance and emotional stability from addictive behaviors, strengthen personal interests and reengage in life.
(202) 751-3044 View (202) 751-3044
Photo of Dr. Emma Basch & Associates, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Dr. Emma Basch & Associates
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20015
We are a group practice with a shared passion for women's mental health. Our clients are working professionals, parents, and students in all phases of life. We love to work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD/neurodivergence, relationship challenges, trauma, and eating disorders. Our team has experience in numerous evidence-based treatment modalities including EMDR, ACT, EFT, CBT, ERP, & DBT. We believe in collaborative, integrative, and holistic mental health care and are here to support you. We are proud to offer individual, couples, and family therapy.
We are a group practice with a shared passion for women's mental health. Our clients are working professionals, parents, and students in all phases of life. We love to work with clients experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD/neurodivergence, relationship challenges, trauma, and eating disorders. Our team has experience in numerous evidence-based treatment modalities including EMDR, ACT, EFT, CBT, ERP, & DBT. We believe in collaborative, integrative, and holistic mental health care and are here to support you. We are proud to offer individual, couples, and family therapy.
(202) 831-3085 View (202) 831-3085
Photo of Dandelion Counseling & Care , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Dandelion Counseling & Care
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LCSW, LCSW-C, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20016
We a group psychotherapy practice comprised of clinicians who provide compassionate counseling and therapy services, using a team approach, to meet the diverse needs of busy Washingtonians. We love to support families or people individually in their journeys to live healthier and more well lives. Our team includes graduate student interns, provisionally-licensed clinicians, fully licensed clinicians, and an executive leadership and life coach.
We a group psychotherapy practice comprised of clinicians who provide compassionate counseling and therapy services, using a team approach, to meet the diverse needs of busy Washingtonians. We love to support families or people individually in their journeys to live healthier and more well lives. Our team includes graduate student interns, provisionally-licensed clinicians, fully licensed clinicians, and an executive leadership and life coach.
(202) 999-3684 View (202) 999-3684
Photo of Lauren Cross, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Lauren Cross
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
I use an open and warm approach to help you explore issues and bumps in the road so that you can live a more fulfilling life. As a therapist, I have years of experience working with anxiety, life transitions, self-esteem, depression, familial distress, career challenges, grief and loss, and much more. We can explore life’s inevitable ups and downs and work to navigate these challenges together.
I use an open and warm approach to help you explore issues and bumps in the road so that you can live a more fulfilling life. As a therapist, I have years of experience working with anxiety, life transitions, self-esteem, depression, familial distress, career challenges, grief and loss, and much more. We can explore life’s inevitable ups and downs and work to navigate these challenges together.
(202) 335-8322 View (202) 335-8322
Photo of Danielle Mazur, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Danielle Mazur
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
Each person has their own reasons for seeking therapy, but, at the core, it can often be distilled to the desire to feel better. For some that means getting support as they navigate a life transition (i.e. a child leaving home, retirement, being newly single), while for others it could be the desire to change unhealthy patterns, improve their relationships and/or get relief from anxiety and/or depression. Whatever the reason for seeking therapy, I am committed to walking alongside my clients, helping them create a meaningful and full life for themselves, whatever that means to them.
Each person has their own reasons for seeking therapy, but, at the core, it can often be distilled to the desire to feel better. For some that means getting support as they navigate a life transition (i.e. a child leaving home, retirement, being newly single), while for others it could be the desire to change unhealthy patterns, improve their relationships and/or get relief from anxiety and/or depression. Whatever the reason for seeking therapy, I am committed to walking alongside my clients, helping them create a meaningful and full life for themselves, whatever that means to them.
(202) 798-1177 View (202) 798-1177
Photo of Rayshaun Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Rayshaun Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC , NCC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
Life brings change and when that change comes, how do you handle it? What do you do when you don’t know what to do? Over the years, I have supported and encouraged individuals through the Stages of Change. It’s not uncommon to experience anxiety when contacting a therapist, but I encourage you to contact me to schedule a free 15-minute phone consultation. My role is to help you through the process of change and decision making that can, understandably, feel overwhelming. My goal is to support you and your journey towards a more whole you.
Life brings change and when that change comes, how do you handle it? What do you do when you don’t know what to do? Over the years, I have supported and encouraged individuals through the Stages of Change. It’s not uncommon to experience anxiety when contacting a therapist, but I encourage you to contact me to schedule a free 15-minute phone consultation. My role is to help you through the process of change and decision making that can, understandably, feel overwhelming. My goal is to support you and your journey towards a more whole you.
(202) 873-9357 View (202) 873-9357
Photo of Mana Ali Carter, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Mana Ali Carter
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20002  (Online Only)
I assess and treat adults experiencing emotional difficulties associated with anxiety, depression, trauma, adjustment to major life events, and preparing for and healing from medical procedures including bariatric and cosmetic surgeries. Mood symptoms can have a negative impact on relationships, self-esteem, one’s ability to participate in meaningful activities, and management of health behaviors related to sleep, physical activity, and pain.
I assess and treat adults experiencing emotional difficulties associated with anxiety, depression, trauma, adjustment to major life events, and preparing for and healing from medical procedures including bariatric and cosmetic surgeries. Mood symptoms can have a negative impact on relationships, self-esteem, one’s ability to participate in meaningful activities, and management of health behaviors related to sleep, physical activity, and pain.
(202) 517-9831 x3 View (202) 517-9831 x3
Photo of Melisa Patel, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Melisa Patel
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20007  (Online Only)
Life's challenges can often feel overwhelming, and finding a space where you can unburden yourself without judgment is crucial. I am here to offer you that space - a warm, empathetic environment where your voice is heard and your concerns are met with understanding and care. Embarking on a journey of self-discovery and healing can be daunting, but not one you have to walk alone. My approach is rooted in understanding and kindness, ensuring a safe space for exploration and healing.
Life's challenges can often feel overwhelming, and finding a space where you can unburden yourself without judgment is crucial. I am here to offer you that space - a warm, empathetic environment where your voice is heard and your concerns are met with understanding and care. Embarking on a journey of self-discovery and healing can be daunting, but not one you have to walk alone. My approach is rooted in understanding and kindness, ensuring a safe space for exploration and healing.
(855) 796-2633 View (855) 796-2633
Photo of Jerome Hilliard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Jerome Hilliard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20024  (Online Only)
The world can be full of chaos, judgement, perceptions, and subjectivity and with that, it creates emotional stress, anxiety, lack of motivation, unhealthy behavioral patterns, and negative thought processes. As a clinician, I want to create a safe space for you to self-discover, grow, and learn to become the best version of yourself.
The world can be full of chaos, judgement, perceptions, and subjectivity and with that, it creates emotional stress, anxiety, lack of motivation, unhealthy behavioral patterns, and negative thought processes. As a clinician, I want to create a safe space for you to self-discover, grow, and learn to become the best version of yourself.
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Photo of Alexandra Jacobi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Alexandra Jacobi
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
Welcome! By visiting my page, you're already one step closer to building a life that you love. I work best with clients (mostly in the early to middle adulthood age range) who feel anxious, depressed, inferior, out-of-balance, insecure, defensive, weak, traumatized, overwhelmed, defeated and/or maladjusted; as well as those who simply just want to develop insight into their own psychological world. I will help you to identify and process root wounds and sources of suffering in order to help you not only heal and bounce back, but to actually bounce forward, in your life. Expect to move towards healing, balance, and optimal wellness.
Welcome! By visiting my page, you're already one step closer to building a life that you love. I work best with clients (mostly in the early to middle adulthood age range) who feel anxious, depressed, inferior, out-of-balance, insecure, defensive, weak, traumatized, overwhelmed, defeated and/or maladjusted; as well as those who simply just want to develop insight into their own psychological world. I will help you to identify and process root wounds and sources of suffering in order to help you not only heal and bounce back, but to actually bounce forward, in your life. Expect to move towards healing, balance, and optimal wellness.
(410) 449-7673 View (410) 449-7673
Photo of Mark P Jacobsen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Mark P Jacobsen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20009
As a psychotherapist, I have more than 30 years experience providing clients a safe, non-judgmental environment where issues can be explored and difficult feelings can be identified and expressed. I specialize in working with individuals and couples whose difficulties in early relationships have created corresponding difficulties in the present, including feeling locked into negative patterns of relating, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. I provide my clients the opportunity to learn new more effective ways of communicating and relating that in turn can lead to positive changes in their lives.
As a psychotherapist, I have more than 30 years experience providing clients a safe, non-judgmental environment where issues can be explored and difficult feelings can be identified and expressed. I specialize in working with individuals and couples whose difficulties in early relationships have created corresponding difficulties in the present, including feeling locked into negative patterns of relating, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. I provide my clients the opportunity to learn new more effective ways of communicating and relating that in turn can lead to positive changes in their lives.
(703) 468-8208 View (703) 468-8208
Photo of Genevieve Loving, Counselor in Washington, DC
Genevieve Loving
Counselor, MS, LGPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
I'm skilled in helping clients who are dealing with but not limited to anxiety, depression, eating disorders, relationship issues, anger and stress management. My theorectical approaches help my clients acquire new, necessary skills and ways of learning how to be more self aware in order to promote self actualization to help change behaviors that cause problems in their daily lives. My therapeutic practices help my clients look at their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I help my clients replace negative thoughts with more positive and realistic ones. Everyday is a second chance!
I'm skilled in helping clients who are dealing with but not limited to anxiety, depression, eating disorders, relationship issues, anger and stress management. My theorectical approaches help my clients acquire new, necessary skills and ways of learning how to be more self aware in order to promote self actualization to help change behaviors that cause problems in their daily lives. My therapeutic practices help my clients look at their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I help my clients replace negative thoughts with more positive and realistic ones. Everyday is a second chance!
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Photo of Michele R Garfield, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Michele R Garfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20015  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Choosing to enter therapy can be a difficult decision, but finding and connecting with the right therapist will play a significant role in the healing process. I believe this healing is achieved through an authentic and collaborative therapist-client relationship and by providing a supportive and nonjudgmental environment in which clients feel safe to explore difficult issues. There are myriad reasons people enter therapy: for problems that have a direct correlation to a cause or for problems that are imprecise, but impact their quality of life.
Choosing to enter therapy can be a difficult decision, but finding and connecting with the right therapist will play a significant role in the healing process. I believe this healing is achieved through an authentic and collaborative therapist-client relationship and by providing a supportive and nonjudgmental environment in which clients feel safe to explore difficult issues. There are myriad reasons people enter therapy: for problems that have a direct correlation to a cause or for problems that are imprecise, but impact their quality of life.
(202) 519-1525 View (202) 519-1525
Photo of Davin Maijala, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Davin Maijala
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I'm a psychologist with +20 years experience in the mental health field. My primary goal as a therapist is to help you explore and address the concerns that bring you to therapy. I take time to listen and get to know you to understand what you'd like to improve in your life. I individualize my approach by integrating techniques to best help you grow and find balance and happiness. I strive to create a safe, supportive environment. I am more directive and solution-focused when that approach might be more effective for you.
I'm a psychologist with +20 years experience in the mental health field. My primary goal as a therapist is to help you explore and address the concerns that bring you to therapy. I take time to listen and get to know you to understand what you'd like to improve in your life. I individualize my approach by integrating techniques to best help you grow and find balance and happiness. I strive to create a safe, supportive environment. I am more directive and solution-focused when that approach might be more effective for you.
(202) 817-2336 View (202) 817-2336
Photo of Netelege Richards, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Netelege Richards
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20004  (Online Only)
As a Clinical Social Worker, i have experience in working with individuals who struggle with depression (Suicidal Ideation and Self Harm Urges), Anxiety, Anger, Adverse childhood events, parenting of adolescents, parenting of youth with mental health diagnosis, trauma related disorders, life transitions, school stressors, work stressors, race related issues and LGBTQIA+ related issues.
As a Clinical Social Worker, i have experience in working with individuals who struggle with depression (Suicidal Ideation and Self Harm Urges), Anxiety, Anger, Adverse childhood events, parenting of adolescents, parenting of youth with mental health diagnosis, trauma related disorders, life transitions, school stressors, work stressors, race related issues and LGBTQIA+ related issues.
(202) 980-1358 View (202) 980-1358
Photo of Josh Greene, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Josh Greene
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20002
I understand that reaching out for therapy is often a challenge and that it may be difficult to choose a therapist with whom you feel comfortable. I have been providing therapy for 26 years and have built a practice predicated upon expertise, trust, collaboration, and confidentiality. I specialize in providing support and successful techniques to help you manage stressors and symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, relationship stress, and addiction. I work with children, adolescents, adults, and couples, and I am comfortable providing therapy in your home, if you are unable to come to the office.
I understand that reaching out for therapy is often a challenge and that it may be difficult to choose a therapist with whom you feel comfortable. I have been providing therapy for 26 years and have built a practice predicated upon expertise, trust, collaboration, and confidentiality. I specialize in providing support and successful techniques to help you manage stressors and symptoms associated with depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, relationship stress, and addiction. I work with children, adolescents, adults, and couples, and I am comfortable providing therapy in your home, if you are unable to come to the office.
(202) 760-4359 View (202) 760-4359
Photo of Caitlin Eshelman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Washington, DC
Caitlin Eshelman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20019  (Online Only)
I am licensed in District of Columbia with 14 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with relationship issues & trauma and abuse. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. I specialize in working with ENM, polyamorous and LGBTQ+ couples and individuals. I will tailor our dialog and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs. Taking the first step to seeking a more fulfilling and happier life takes courage. I am here to support you in that process.
I am licensed in District of Columbia with 14 years of professional work experience. I have experience in helping clients with relationship issues & trauma and abuse. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. I specialize in working with ENM, polyamorous and LGBTQ+ couples and individuals. I will tailor our dialog and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs. Taking the first step to seeking a more fulfilling and happier life takes courage. I am here to support you in that process.
(866) 805-8678 View (866) 805-8678
Photo of Lisa Schievelbein, Psychologist in Washington, DC
Lisa Schievelbein
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20002
In times like these, mental health can be a fragile thing. You might be feeling sad, stressed, anxious, detached, irritable, or just plain ground down. The one thing you don’t feel like is yourself. Under the surface of your day-to-day burdens, there may be deeper concerns calling for your attention. Perhaps your relationships are stagnant or suffering. An old betrayal or grief might keep coming up. However it looks, you deserve to live in better conditions. We can help you stretch your innate capacity to live a life with more freedom, choice, and possibility.
In times like these, mental health can be a fragile thing. You might be feeling sad, stressed, anxious, detached, irritable, or just plain ground down. The one thing you don’t feel like is yourself. Under the surface of your day-to-day burdens, there may be deeper concerns calling for your attention. Perhaps your relationships are stagnant or suffering. An old betrayal or grief might keep coming up. However it looks, you deserve to live in better conditions. We can help you stretch your innate capacity to live a life with more freedom, choice, and possibility.
(202) 968-1460 View (202) 968-1460
Photo of Tamara L Burke, Licensed Professional Counselor in Washington, DC
Tamara L Burke
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC, MA
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20006
Are you struggling with anxiety or depression? Are you feeling stuck and can't seem to find your way out? Let me guess, you've tried therapy before and it just wasn't the right fit. Well, you have come to the right place. Burke Wellness & Consulting (BW&C) is here to help.
Are you struggling with anxiety or depression? Are you feeling stuck and can't seem to find your way out? Let me guess, you've tried therapy before and it just wasn't the right fit. Well, you have come to the right place. Burke Wellness & Consulting (BW&C) is here to help.
(202) 831-1641 View (202) 831-1641

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Washington, DC

2,000+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Washington, DC who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
65% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

63% BlueCross and BlueShield
57% CareFirst
53% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Washington, DC see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Washington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.