Therapists in Anchorage, AK

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Photo of Sevilla I. Love, LCSW, Grief and Loss Specialist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Anchorage, AK
Sevilla I. Love, LCSW, Grief and Loss Specialist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Anchorage, AK 99503  (Online Only)
I specialize in grief and loss and unbiasedly see people from all backgrounds all over Alaska. Perhaps a loved one died and your world's forever changed. Are you a Helping or High-risk-career professional who's witnessed too much? Maybe you spiritually struggle with feeling cheated when you got handed a life you didn't ask or plan for. The loss is recent, the pain is acute and you can't afford to fold! Your loss happened long ago and you're finally ready to explore it's effects on your life.
I specialize in grief and loss and unbiasedly see people from all backgrounds all over Alaska. Perhaps a loved one died and your world's forever changed. Are you a Helping or High-risk-career professional who's witnessed too much? Maybe you spiritually struggle with feeling cheated when you got handed a life you didn't ask or plan for. The loss is recent, the pain is acute and you can't afford to fold! Your loss happened long ago and you're finally ready to explore it's effects on your life.
(907) 308-2351 View (907) 308-2351
Photo of Dr. Monique Andrews, Licensed Professional Counselor in Anchorage, AK
Dr. Monique Andrews
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, CDCII, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Anchorage, AK 99503
My counseling style is eclectic giving my clients an opportunity to receive treatment customized to their specific needs. I am humorous, patient, understanding, and an excellent listener. I have over 18 years of experience as an addictions counselor and provide services to individuals experiencing a wide range of issues such as depression, PTSD, anxiety, sexual assault, domestic violence, and other mental health concerns, I know change is possible. My greatest desire as a therapist is to assist clients through their journey of healing by providing them the necessary support to thrive!
My counseling style is eclectic giving my clients an opportunity to receive treatment customized to their specific needs. I am humorous, patient, understanding, and an excellent listener. I have over 18 years of experience as an addictions counselor and provide services to individuals experiencing a wide range of issues such as depression, PTSD, anxiety, sexual assault, domestic violence, and other mental health concerns, I know change is possible. My greatest desire as a therapist is to assist clients through their journey of healing by providing them the necessary support to thrive!
(907) 318-1577 View (907) 318-1577
Photo of Hope Pattengale, Licensed Professional Counselor in Anchorage, AK
Hope Pattengale
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99508  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm glad you're here and taking the next step on your journey to caring for yourself. Life can offer so many exciting possibilities, but can also throw us a lot of unexpected twists and challenges. I want to help you navigate these challenges, walk with you through grief or change, and offer hope for the future. In my work I focus on building upon personal strengths, as well as strengthening relationships. I strive to be a safe landing place as you work through the complexities that are life. My specialties are working with adoptive families, attachment, divorce, life change, emotional skill development, and communication.
Hello, I'm glad you're here and taking the next step on your journey to caring for yourself. Life can offer so many exciting possibilities, but can also throw us a lot of unexpected twists and challenges. I want to help you navigate these challenges, walk with you through grief or change, and offer hope for the future. In my work I focus on building upon personal strengths, as well as strengthening relationships. I strive to be a safe landing place as you work through the complexities that are life. My specialties are working with adoptive families, attachment, divorce, life change, emotional skill development, and communication.
(907) 313-0012 View (907) 313-0012
Photo of Victoria Hutton-Swatek, Licensed Professional Counselor in Anchorage, AK
Victoria Hutton-Swatek
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CATP
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99503
Waitlist for new clients
People take different roads seeking fulfillment and happiness. Just because they’re not on your road doesn’t mean they’ve gotten lost. - Dalai Lama
People take different roads seeking fulfillment and happiness. Just because they’re not on your road doesn’t mean they’ve gotten lost. - Dalai Lama
(907) 202-9495 View (907) 202-9495
Photo of L Renée Leftwich-Render, Pre-Licensed Professional in Anchorage, AK
L Renée Leftwich-Render
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Anchorage, AK 99503  (Online Only)
Hi, I am Renee Leftwich-Render, I am a mental health therapist who works with individuals and couples who want to work through the challenges of life to discover their authentic selves. I counsel those battling depression, anxiety, self-esteem and image issues, post-traumatic stress, grief, women’s issues, and multicultural challenges. Life can throw you for a loop, can't it?! Can you remember a time in your life when you were truly content and happy? It was like everything was aligning in your world then life.
Hi, I am Renee Leftwich-Render, I am a mental health therapist who works with individuals and couples who want to work through the challenges of life to discover their authentic selves. I counsel those battling depression, anxiety, self-esteem and image issues, post-traumatic stress, grief, women’s issues, and multicultural challenges. Life can throw you for a loop, can't it?! Can you remember a time in your life when you were truly content and happy? It was like everything was aligning in your world then life.
(907) 318-7249 View (907) 318-7249
Photo of SokyaHealth / South Anchorage in Anchorage, AK
SokyaHealth / South Anchorage
FNP-C, PMHNPBC, DNP
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99507
SokyaHealth is proud to offer South Anchorage, AK a full circle of mental health care services, including therapy, coaching, support groups, medication management, and an online library of self-care resources. We make world-class mental health care accessible for everyone!
SokyaHealth is proud to offer South Anchorage, AK a full circle of mental health care services, including therapy, coaching, support groups, medication management, and an online library of self-care resources. We make world-class mental health care accessible for everyone!
(866) 249-2376 View (866) 249-2376
Photo of Lindsey Russell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Anchorage, AK
Lindsey Russell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99507  (Online Only)
Lindsey is a graduate form UTK College of Social Work and has a varied background including working for community mental health, residential facilities and private practice. Lindsey works with her clients using a strengths-based approach and uses humor and empathy in sessions to improve comfort and instill trust in building a collaborative relationship together. Lindsey enjoys working with a variety of populations including couples, individuals and families and specializes in parenting, life adjustments, mood disorders, anxiety/panic and relational stressors.
Lindsey is a graduate form UTK College of Social Work and has a varied background including working for community mental health, residential facilities and private practice. Lindsey works with her clients using a strengths-based approach and uses humor and empathy in sessions to improve comfort and instill trust in building a collaborative relationship together. Lindsey enjoys working with a variety of populations including couples, individuals and families and specializes in parenting, life adjustments, mood disorders, anxiety/panic and relational stressors.
(833) 592-3108 View (833) 592-3108
Photo of Howard Chaitoff in Anchorage, AK
Howard Chaitoff
PA
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99507
Howard Chaitoff came to Alaska in 1987 and served as a medical service specialist at Eielson AFB. He then went on to pursue a Bachelors of Sciences degree from the Universtiy of Alaska Anchorage, graduating in 1991. He was awarded a Wellcome pharmaceutical grant in 1996 to study clinical cytogenetics at the Salisbury Genetics Laboratory in England. Then completed his post graduate degree in Secondary Sciences Education at Southampton University in England. Finally, Howard attended the University of Washington, MEDEX physician assistant program in 2006.
Howard Chaitoff came to Alaska in 1987 and served as a medical service specialist at Eielson AFB. He then went on to pursue a Bachelors of Sciences degree from the Universtiy of Alaska Anchorage, graduating in 1991. He was awarded a Wellcome pharmaceutical grant in 1996 to study clinical cytogenetics at the Salisbury Genetics Laboratory in England. Then completed his post graduate degree in Secondary Sciences Education at Southampton University in England. Finally, Howard attended the University of Washington, MEDEX physician assistant program in 2006.
(855) 534-3890 View (855) 534-3890
Photo of Angela Wyne, Licensed Professional Counselor in Anchorage, AK
Angela Wyne
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Anchorage, AK 99518
Working through change and finding the path towards happiness and wellness is unique to the individual and can often be a challenging task. I approach each client as a whole person, taking into consideration biology, culture, spiritual connections, supports, thoughts, feelings and behaviors. I work to create a space that is compassionate and safe, and we move at a pace that is comfortable to you. My approach is strength-based and looks to help you build confidence and resilience. I have over 12 years of experience working with clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, grief/loss, trauma, and other difficult life situations.
Working through change and finding the path towards happiness and wellness is unique to the individual and can often be a challenging task. I approach each client as a whole person, taking into consideration biology, culture, spiritual connections, supports, thoughts, feelings and behaviors. I work to create a space that is compassionate and safe, and we move at a pace that is comfortable to you. My approach is strength-based and looks to help you build confidence and resilience. I have over 12 years of experience working with clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, grief/loss, trauma, and other difficult life situations.
(907) 312-0113 View (907) 312-0113
Photo of Anchored Counseling Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Anchorage, AK
Anchored Counseling Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99503
Not accepting new clients
At some point in our lives, we will experience sadness, anger, betrayal, trauma, loss, anxiety and stress. This is the human condition, however depending on how we respond, this may be a warning that we are attaching negative thoughts to this pain and labeling it as suffering. Pain is not inevitable, suffering is optional. When we are able to change our thinking, we can change our responses to it. My intent is to create a safe space for people to explore and investigate their thoughts, resolve inner conflicts and achieve balance in their lives. With support and guidance, we have the power to end our suffering and heal.
At some point in our lives, we will experience sadness, anger, betrayal, trauma, loss, anxiety and stress. This is the human condition, however depending on how we respond, this may be a warning that we are attaching negative thoughts to this pain and labeling it as suffering. Pain is not inevitable, suffering is optional. When we are able to change our thinking, we can change our responses to it. My intent is to create a safe space for people to explore and investigate their thoughts, resolve inner conflicts and achieve balance in their lives. With support and guidance, we have the power to end our suffering and heal.
(907) 290-7039 View (907) 290-7039
Photo of Nicole Zegiestowsky, M.S. (she/her), Pre-Licensed Professional in Anchorage, AK
Nicole Zegiestowsky, M.S. (she/her)
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99515
Do you wake up already exhausted? Do you have a chronic illness that impacts your mental health? Are you coping with a new health diagnosis, or temporary disability? Are you searching for meaning, relief, validation, or new coping skills? My name is Nicole, I use telehealth to provide individual and group therapy with Alaskans who wish to do more than "get by;" those who desire to flourish. Whether your struggle is stemming from depression, anxiety, PTSD, perinatal/postpartum mental health, chronic illness, ADHD/ Autism, unhealthy relationships, systemic stressors related to your identity: You deserve to feel joy every day in life
Do you wake up already exhausted? Do you have a chronic illness that impacts your mental health? Are you coping with a new health diagnosis, or temporary disability? Are you searching for meaning, relief, validation, or new coping skills? My name is Nicole, I use telehealth to provide individual and group therapy with Alaskans who wish to do more than "get by;" those who desire to flourish. Whether your struggle is stemming from depression, anxiety, PTSD, perinatal/postpartum mental health, chronic illness, ADHD/ Autism, unhealthy relationships, systemic stressors related to your identity: You deserve to feel joy every day in life
(907) 744-7026 View (907) 744-7026
Photo of Elaina Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Anchorage, AK
Elaina Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, NCC, CPT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Anchorage, AK 99516  (Online Only)
Hi! My name is Elaina and I enjoy helping people who struggle with difficult feelings such as anxiety and depression, sexuality and gender identity struggles, as well as substance use and addiction. Whether it's a lifelong battle with addiction, a recent life change, or struggles with anxiety or depression, life has a way of sending us something we may need a little help learning to overcome.
Hi! My name is Elaina and I enjoy helping people who struggle with difficult feelings such as anxiety and depression, sexuality and gender identity struggles, as well as substance use and addiction. Whether it's a lifelong battle with addiction, a recent life change, or struggles with anxiety or depression, life has a way of sending us something we may need a little help learning to overcome.
(907) 217-3757 View (907) 217-3757
Photo of Cygnet Psychological Services LLC, Psychologist in Anchorage, AK
Cygnet Psychological Services LLC
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99517
As a former teacher of children with special needs, I am keenly aware of the challenges and rewards that families of children with special needs face. My experience, education, and training gives me a unique perspective and I believe the ability to be assistance to families and children who are facing those unique rewards and challenges.
As a former teacher of children with special needs, I am keenly aware of the challenges and rewards that families of children with special needs face. My experience, education, and training gives me a unique perspective and I believe the ability to be assistance to families and children who are facing those unique rewards and challenges.
(907) 312-1067 View (907) 312-1067
Photo of Lauren Rench, Licensed Professional Counselor in Anchorage, AK
Lauren Rench
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99508
Navigating life's challenges can be overwhelming, and it is my belief that seeking support is a courageous step towards growth and resilience. With empathy, compassion, and a client-centered approach, I strive to create a safe and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Navigating life's challenges can be overwhelming, and it is my belief that seeking support is a courageous step towards growth and resilience. With empathy, compassion, and a client-centered approach, I strive to create a safe and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
(855) 465-0729 View (855) 465-0729
Photo of Wisdom Traditions Counseling & Wellness, Counselor in Anchorage, AK
Wisdom Traditions Counseling & Wellness
Counselor, PhD, LPCS, CDCS, MAC
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99518
The world grows more complex every day, changing how we live our lives, and it's bringing up a lot of stress and anxiety. We get it. The Wisdom Team provides highly respectful, confidential and individualized treatment choices for you or your family member. We also have counselors specifically dedicated for marriage and family issues. Our Addiction Recovery program is nationally accredited, and provides a warm, informal and rewarding experience for personal growth. We are in this together. Our vision is to positively impact our community; one person...one family at a time.
The world grows more complex every day, changing how we live our lives, and it's bringing up a lot of stress and anxiety. We get it. The Wisdom Team provides highly respectful, confidential and individualized treatment choices for you or your family member. We also have counselors specifically dedicated for marriage and family issues. Our Addiction Recovery program is nationally accredited, and provides a warm, informal and rewarding experience for personal growth. We are in this together. Our vision is to positively impact our community; one person...one family at a time.
(907) 770-3656 View (907) 770-3656
Photo of Sherri L Scott, Psychological Associate in Anchorage, AK
Sherri L Scott
Psychological Associate, LPA, LPC-S, MAGL, DCS
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99503  (Online Only)
Hi. My name is Dr. Sherri L. Scott and I am passionate to work with you in your quest for wellness and to overcome challenges that you and/or your family may be experiencing. My professional credentials are Licensed Psychological Associate, Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor, Licensed and Ordained Minister. Over 30 plus years my expertise in behavioral health services has been honed to provide Clinical Therapy, Clinical Supervision and Education in correctional, psychiatric residential treatment, university and community outpatient settings.
Hi. My name is Dr. Sherri L. Scott and I am passionate to work with you in your quest for wellness and to overcome challenges that you and/or your family may be experiencing. My professional credentials are Licensed Psychological Associate, Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor, Licensed and Ordained Minister. Over 30 plus years my expertise in behavioral health services has been honed to provide Clinical Therapy, Clinical Supervision and Education in correctional, psychiatric residential treatment, university and community outpatient settings.
(907) 341-3889 View (907) 341-3889
Photo of Tashia Amstislavski, MA, LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Anchorage, AK
Tashia Amstislavski, MA, LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99503
I am currently accepting new clients with little to no wait time! I work with individuals, couples and families to develop healthy coping strategies to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms.
I am currently accepting new clients with little to no wait time! I work with individuals, couples and families to develop healthy coping strategies to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms.
(844) 942-0616 View (844) 942-0616
Photo of Danielle Dittmer, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Anchorage, AK
Danielle Dittmer, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Anchorage, AK 99517
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and have experience working in the mental health and human services field for over 20 years. I support individuals through life's challenges by helping them in accessing their personal strengths and cultivating the skills needed to navigate toward a balanced and healthy life. I enjoy working with older teens and adults experiencing a wide range of issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, bereavement, complex medical conditions, adjustment and life transitions, and issues related to sexual identity and orientation.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and have experience working in the mental health and human services field for over 20 years. I support individuals through life's challenges by helping them in accessing their personal strengths and cultivating the skills needed to navigate toward a balanced and healthy life. I enjoy working with older teens and adults experiencing a wide range of issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, bereavement, complex medical conditions, adjustment and life transitions, and issues related to sexual identity and orientation.
(907) 891-1013 View (907) 891-1013
Photo of Hope's Horizon Counseling Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Anchorage, AK
Hope's Horizon Counseling Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC-S, LPC-S, LCMHC, LPC-MH, LCPC
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99509  (Online Only)
Life happens; the effects of loss vary; and the impacts of stress/trauma are more ‘normal’ than most people realize. You are not alone; your struggles are real; and your mental wellness is and should be treated with as much vigor as your need for food and shelter. It is natural for our bodies to want to heal themselves; and our human strength and natural behavior is to adapt and evolve. We develop negative coping skills as we adapt to stress/trauma, grief/loss, major life changes/transitions, chronic illness/pain, identity struggles, and relationship conflicts.
Life happens; the effects of loss vary; and the impacts of stress/trauma are more ‘normal’ than most people realize. You are not alone; your struggles are real; and your mental wellness is and should be treated with as much vigor as your need for food and shelter. It is natural for our bodies to want to heal themselves; and our human strength and natural behavior is to adapt and evolve. We develop negative coping skills as we adapt to stress/trauma, grief/loss, major life changes/transitions, chronic illness/pain, identity struggles, and relationship conflicts.
(877) 274-4863 View (877) 274-4863
Photo of A Listening Ear LLC, Counselor in Anchorage, AK
A Listening Ear LLC
Counselor, PsyD, LPC-S, RPT-S, CDC-I, MAC
Verified Verified
Anchorage, AK 99503
Greetings! My name is Janece and I am here to provide individuals and families with a safe and supportive place to work on sensitive concerns. I believe that change comes from commitment and dedication to improving oneself from the inside out. When individuals are able to regain control of life trouble, there is a tendency to feel better mentally, physically, and spiritually. I have my Doctorate of counseling psychology (PsyD), am a licensed professional counselor - supervisor (LPC), registered play therapist - supervisor (RPT-S), a nationally certified counselor (NBCC), certified dependency counselor - I (CDC-I), and a master addictions counselor (MAC).
Greetings! My name is Janece and I am here to provide individuals and families with a safe and supportive place to work on sensitive concerns. I believe that change comes from commitment and dedication to improving oneself from the inside out. When individuals are able to regain control of life trouble, there is a tendency to feel better mentally, physically, and spiritually. I have my Doctorate of counseling psychology (PsyD), am a licensed professional counselor - supervisor (LPC), registered play therapist - supervisor (RPT-S), a nationally certified counselor (NBCC), certified dependency counselor - I (CDC-I), and a master addictions counselor (MAC).
(907) 885-6081 View (907) 885-6081

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Anchorage, AK

300+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Anchorage, AK who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
86% Depression
79% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
68% Self Esteem
66% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% BlueCross and BlueShield
66% Aetna
55% Premera

How Therapists in Anchorage, AK see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Anchorage?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.