Therapists in Wichita, KS

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Photo of Lisa Harrison, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wichita, KS
Lisa Harrison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67205  (Online Only)
As a dedicated clinical social worker, Lisa is committed to supporting the emotional wellbeing and mental health of older adults. With a deep passion for working with the geriatric population, Lisa brings extensive experience and empathy to every therapeutic encounter. Before starting Midwest Counseling Services, Lisa had a career in social work for over 20 years. Specializing in psychotherapy for seniors, Lisa employs a client-centered approach, tailoring treatment to meet the unique needs and concerns of each individual.
As a dedicated clinical social worker, Lisa is committed to supporting the emotional wellbeing and mental health of older adults. With a deep passion for working with the geriatric population, Lisa brings extensive experience and empathy to every therapeutic encounter. Before starting Midwest Counseling Services, Lisa had a career in social work for over 20 years. Specializing in psychotherapy for seniors, Lisa employs a client-centered approach, tailoring treatment to meet the unique needs and concerns of each individual.
(316) 445-9756 View (316) 445-9756
Photo of Margaret R Goger-Cranston, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wichita, KS
Margaret R Goger-Cranston
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, CST
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67203
Not accepting new clients
Couples and individuals I see for therapy need a safe place to be real, feel understood, and gain some tools for living and loving without being judged. I have felt honored to have been a witness and trusted helper to so many men and women on their journeys to accept themselves and have richer intimate connections. I have worked in behavioral health for over 25 years, and have comfort with varied and complex issues. I am a Level 2 Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapist, and AASECT Certified Sex Therapist.
Couples and individuals I see for therapy need a safe place to be real, feel understood, and gain some tools for living and loving without being judged. I have felt honored to have been a witness and trusted helper to so many men and women on their journeys to accept themselves and have richer intimate connections. I have worked in behavioral health for over 25 years, and have comfort with varied and complex issues. I am a Level 2 Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapist, and AASECT Certified Sex Therapist.
(316) 536-4295 x1 View (316) 536-4295 x1
Photo of Kamilah Sharpe, Licensed Professional Counselor in Wichita, KS
Kamilah Sharpe
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67226
Are you feeling set-off by everything, easily triggered, and frustrated with everyone? Maybe it’s the opposite - you feel lonely, sad, and no one loves you. You’re tired of fighting, and you’re exhausted by all the critical comments. You want to feel supported, cared for, and accepted by your friends and family. You need others to understand “It’s not the same” and “I am not you!” You need someone to HEAR you!
Are you feeling set-off by everything, easily triggered, and frustrated with everyone? Maybe it’s the opposite - you feel lonely, sad, and no one loves you. You’re tired of fighting, and you’re exhausted by all the critical comments. You want to feel supported, cared for, and accepted by your friends and family. You need others to understand “It’s not the same” and “I am not you!” You need someone to HEAR you!
(316) 666-1171 View (316) 666-1171
Photo of Taylor Haig, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wichita, KS
Taylor Haig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67206
I am a Licensed Master’s Level Social Worker available in-person and online. I see children (5+), adolescents, and adults. I have worked with clients experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, mood disorders, grief, and loss. I also have experience working in the child welfare system, the medical system, and in education. I have a special interest in helping clients with women’s health challenges, such as infertility, loss, NICU stays, and complicated birth experiences.
I am a Licensed Master’s Level Social Worker available in-person and online. I see children (5+), adolescents, and adults. I have worked with clients experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, mood disorders, grief, and loss. I also have experience working in the child welfare system, the medical system, and in education. I have a special interest in helping clients with women’s health challenges, such as infertility, loss, NICU stays, and complicated birth experiences.
(316) 364-7685 View (316) 364-7685
Photo of Angie McDaniel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wichita, KS
Angie McDaniel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67205
Not accepting new clients
The emotional burden of life stress, the weight of previous trauma or the persistence of anxiety or obsessions can take over your life and leave you feeling as though you are drowning. I am here to help you learn to conquer the emotional pain and distress that comes with so many of life's challenges. Together we can find peace in your present and hope for your future. I utilize my training in Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Sandtray Therapy, EMDR (Eye Movement, Desensitization and Reprocessing), cognitive strategies and Mindfulness techniques to help you create a tailored approach to therapy.
The emotional burden of life stress, the weight of previous trauma or the persistence of anxiety or obsessions can take over your life and leave you feeling as though you are drowning. I am here to help you learn to conquer the emotional pain and distress that comes with so many of life's challenges. Together we can find peace in your present and hope for your future. I utilize my training in Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), Sandtray Therapy, EMDR (Eye Movement, Desensitization and Reprocessing), cognitive strategies and Mindfulness techniques to help you create a tailored approach to therapy.
(316) 712-7167 View (316) 712-7167
Alexis Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67212
If you’ve reached my profile, you’ve been feeling sad, anxious, depressed, overwhelmed with emotions, struggling to make sense of life, or exhausted with the negative thoughts. You may have difficulty calming down or relaxing and find yourselves consumed by memories from childhood. You desire a life where you’re not consumed by the mistakes of your parents. You may even feel like you just need a little guidance to get your life back on track. As a therapist, I’m no different from the clients I see. Like everyone else, I’m human. I’ve been through both wonderful and difficult experiences that have shaped who I am and how I help.
If you’ve reached my profile, you’ve been feeling sad, anxious, depressed, overwhelmed with emotions, struggling to make sense of life, or exhausted with the negative thoughts. You may have difficulty calming down or relaxing and find yourselves consumed by memories from childhood. You desire a life where you’re not consumed by the mistakes of your parents. You may even feel like you just need a little guidance to get your life back on track. As a therapist, I’m no different from the clients I see. Like everyone else, I’m human. I’ve been through both wonderful and difficult experiences that have shaped who I am and how I help.
(316) 413-8239 View (316) 413-8239
Photo of Kelli D Kennedy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wichita, KS
Kelli D Kennedy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67230
Taking the first step to connect with a therapist can seem overwhelming. My priority as a therapist is to help you feel safe and comfortable as we build a therapeutic relationship together. No matter what you may be going through, I am here to help you work through it so you can live a healthy, happy life. My work experience has allowed me the opportunity to work with clients who have experienced familial and interpersonal problems related to parenting issues, mental health, addiction, domestic violence, and trauma. If you find yourself struggling with life, please know you are not alone and things can get better!
Taking the first step to connect with a therapist can seem overwhelming. My priority as a therapist is to help you feel safe and comfortable as we build a therapeutic relationship together. No matter what you may be going through, I am here to help you work through it so you can live a healthy, happy life. My work experience has allowed me the opportunity to work with clients who have experienced familial and interpersonal problems related to parenting issues, mental health, addiction, domestic violence, and trauma. If you find yourself struggling with life, please know you are not alone and things can get better!
(316) 444-6801 View (316) 444-6801
Photo of Stephanie Proctor, Marriage & Family Therapist in Wichita, KS
Stephanie Proctor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67206
Taking the first step towards help, I believe, is one of the bravest things you can do. Are you suffering with symptoms of anxiety or depression? Are you experiencing distress in your relationships? Are you feeling hopeless or overwhelmed? These are just some of the reasons that bring people to therapy. Whatever your reason, I want to help you achieve your goals in therapy by equipping you with the tools and skills you need. We are not meant to navigate life’s hardest seasons alone. Please call and discover how I can help at Evergreen Therapy.
Taking the first step towards help, I believe, is one of the bravest things you can do. Are you suffering with symptoms of anxiety or depression? Are you experiencing distress in your relationships? Are you feeling hopeless or overwhelmed? These are just some of the reasons that bring people to therapy. Whatever your reason, I want to help you achieve your goals in therapy by equipping you with the tools and skills you need. We are not meant to navigate life’s hardest seasons alone. Please call and discover how I can help at Evergreen Therapy.
(316) 974-3181 View (316) 974-3181
Photo of Aaron Chiappetti, Marriage & Family Therapist in Wichita, KS
Aaron Chiappetti
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67202
Life brings a variety of challenges – whether it is relational problems, active addiction, sexual behavior, depression, anxiety, trauma, or something else. It is my passion to work side by side with my clients so they can discover their authentic self and find self-compassion as they navigate the ups and downs of life. I work with my clients to deconstruct the stories and stigmas they have been carrying.
Life brings a variety of challenges – whether it is relational problems, active addiction, sexual behavior, depression, anxiety, trauma, or something else. It is my passion to work side by side with my clients so they can discover their authentic self and find self-compassion as they navigate the ups and downs of life. I work with my clients to deconstruct the stories and stigmas they have been carrying.
(316) 600-9877 View (316) 600-9877
Photo of Jennifer Adams, Marriage & Family Therapist in Wichita, KS
Jennifer Adams
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LCMFT
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67230
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist specializing in individual and family systems. My focus it to help clients overcome painful childhood experiences that can chronically burden individuals, frustrate relationships and inhibit families. I integrate experiential, trauma-informed and mindfulness-based approaches to support clients as they overcome early attachment injuries and reclaim Life.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist specializing in individual and family systems. My focus it to help clients overcome painful childhood experiences that can chronically burden individuals, frustrate relationships and inhibit families. I integrate experiential, trauma-informed and mindfulness-based approaches to support clients as they overcome early attachment injuries and reclaim Life.
(316) 830-5166 View (316) 830-5166
Photo of Kristen B Fowlkes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wichita, KS
Kristen B Fowlkes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67208
Life is hard, and sometimes we just need a little help getting back to a better version of the person that has somehow slipped away, all while trying to do our best in this chaotic world. Reaching out for help can be overwhelming and exhausting, but it takes just one brave step towards healing to start finding that better version of yourself. Let's work together to address your concerns, and develop skills to help you feel better.
Life is hard, and sometimes we just need a little help getting back to a better version of the person that has somehow slipped away, all while trying to do our best in this chaotic world. Reaching out for help can be overwhelming and exhausting, but it takes just one brave step towards healing to start finding that better version of yourself. Let's work together to address your concerns, and develop skills to help you feel better.
(316) 800-6497 View (316) 800-6497
Photo of Heather Hayden, Marriage & Family Therapist in Wichita, KS
Heather Hayden
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67202
Waitlist for new clients
Do you feel like all the pieces are falling apart? Have life transitions caused you to feel completely unsteady? Are you experiencing an inner battle where who you are and who you wish to be, are in conflict? Do you carry shame, trauma, and secrets so deeply and feel unsafe exploring and healing these parts? Do you live an alternative lifestyle (LGBTQIA, Poly, Kink, BDSM) and do not know where to turn, to process the dynamics of your relationships, passions, and trauma? Is living life authentically a goal you wish to achieve? Can you imagine loving yourself completely as you are, without concern for how others view you?
Do you feel like all the pieces are falling apart? Have life transitions caused you to feel completely unsteady? Are you experiencing an inner battle where who you are and who you wish to be, are in conflict? Do you carry shame, trauma, and secrets so deeply and feel unsafe exploring and healing these parts? Do you live an alternative lifestyle (LGBTQIA, Poly, Kink, BDSM) and do not know where to turn, to process the dynamics of your relationships, passions, and trauma? Is living life authentically a goal you wish to achieve? Can you imagine loving yourself completely as you are, without concern for how others view you?
(316) 803-0623 View (316) 803-0623
Photo of Angela Holoubek, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wichita, KS
Angela Holoubek
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, RPT, MTS
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67203
I help people within their environment. I will help you access community resources and supports to help you be able to focus on your emotional health and functioning. I am seeking individuals, children through adulthood who have a desire to improve their lives. The person seeking my services will know that change starts within themselves. I work with the person and the people (family and/or friends) around that person to empower them to make the best choices for their life and situation. Individuals, couples, and families are all treated in my practice. My office is located in the Delano district in Wichita.
I help people within their environment. I will help you access community resources and supports to help you be able to focus on your emotional health and functioning. I am seeking individuals, children through adulthood who have a desire to improve their lives. The person seeking my services will know that change starts within themselves. I work with the person and the people (family and/or friends) around that person to empower them to make the best choices for their life and situation. Individuals, couples, and families are all treated in my practice. My office is located in the Delano district in Wichita.
(316) 448-8918 View (316) 448-8918
Photo of Amanda Jackson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Wichita, KS
Amanda Jackson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67202
I believe there is no one-size fits all approach to therapy. I strive to come alongside and meet the needs of the individuals, couples, and families I see by providing a safe space where they can feel empowered to heal, develop, and grow what’s needed to overcome life’s many challenges.
I believe there is no one-size fits all approach to therapy. I strive to come alongside and meet the needs of the individuals, couples, and families I see by providing a safe space where they can feel empowered to heal, develop, and grow what’s needed to overcome life’s many challenges.
(316) 766-6634 View (316) 766-6634
Photo of Denise Stutey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wichita, KS
Denise Stutey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67203  (Online Only)
Denise brings over two decades of expertise in the mental health field, specializing in guiding teens and adults through the challenges of grief, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, ADHD, life transitions, self-esteem issues, trauma, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and more. As an LGBTQ+ affirming therapist, Denise creates a supportive and inclusive space for individuals of all identities. Denise’s passion for social work and therapy ignited during her high school years, leading her to pursue a degree dedicated to helping others.
Denise brings over two decades of expertise in the mental health field, specializing in guiding teens and adults through the challenges of grief, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, ADHD, life transitions, self-esteem issues, trauma, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and more. As an LGBTQ+ affirming therapist, Denise creates a supportive and inclusive space for individuals of all identities. Denise’s passion for social work and therapy ignited during her high school years, leading her to pursue a degree dedicated to helping others.
(316) 751-5970 View (316) 751-5970
Photo of Mark Goering, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Wichita, KS
Mark Goering
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67203
Any symptoms or problem you're experiencing does not define who you are as an individual. Life is challenging on our best days. Sometimes these challenging days turn into weeks, maybe months, if not longer. If there is a problem or symptoms that are keeping you from moving forward in life, or enjoying anything in general, I would like to meet with you. Together we will work on the challenge(s) or symptom(s) that are preventing you from experiencing more enjoyment in life.
Any symptoms or problem you're experiencing does not define who you are as an individual. Life is challenging on our best days. Sometimes these challenging days turn into weeks, maybe months, if not longer. If there is a problem or symptoms that are keeping you from moving forward in life, or enjoying anything in general, I would like to meet with you. Together we will work on the challenge(s) or symptom(s) that are preventing you from experiencing more enjoyment in life.
(316) 285-1673 View (316) 285-1673
Photo of Ashley McKinney, Licensed Professional Counselor in Wichita, KS
Ashley McKinney
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-T
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67226
My name is Ashley McKinney. I am a Provisionally Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Kansas. My passions are Maternal Health & Wellness and Minority Mental Health. I have devoted over 5 years to the Mental Health Counseling field, working directly and indirectly with clients of different ages and backgrounds. I have helped to improve a variety of mental health issues, tailoring my approach to fit the unique and individual needs of each client.
My name is Ashley McKinney. I am a Provisionally Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Kansas. My passions are Maternal Health & Wellness and Minority Mental Health. I have devoted over 5 years to the Mental Health Counseling field, working directly and indirectly with clients of different ages and backgrounds. I have helped to improve a variety of mental health issues, tailoring my approach to fit the unique and individual needs of each client.
(316) 999-8008 View (316) 999-8008
Photo of Victoria Devereaux in Wichita, KS
Victoria Devereaux
LMSW
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67203
Waitlist for new clients
Facing life’s challenges is a difficult task, but you are not alone. Together, we will explore your past, present and future. My approach is to be gentle, curious, patient, honest, and supportive. I will encourage you to share whatever comes to mind and assist you in exploring alternative perspectives to your problems.
Facing life’s challenges is a difficult task, but you are not alone. Together, we will explore your past, present and future. My approach is to be gentle, curious, patient, honest, and supportive. I will encourage you to share whatever comes to mind and assist you in exploring alternative perspectives to your problems.
(316) 395-5125 View (316) 395-5125
Photo of Michael Cranston, Marriage & Family Therapist in Wichita, KS
Michael Cranston
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT, CST
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67203
As a Licensed Clinical Marriage and Family Therapist and Certified Sex Therapist through AASECT since 2005, I offer a dynamic and intensive relationship therapy/coaching experience. I have many years of experience diagnosing and treating a variety of sexually related issues, in addition to numerous other behavioral health issues, including mood disorders and substance abuse/addiction. I believe a therapy session is a very sacred space. I consider it a privilege to be chosen to accompany someone into that space and bear witness to their work.
As a Licensed Clinical Marriage and Family Therapist and Certified Sex Therapist through AASECT since 2005, I offer a dynamic and intensive relationship therapy/coaching experience. I have many years of experience diagnosing and treating a variety of sexually related issues, in addition to numerous other behavioral health issues, including mood disorders and substance abuse/addiction. I believe a therapy session is a very sacred space. I consider it a privilege to be chosen to accompany someone into that space and bear witness to their work.
(316) 448-2172 View (316) 448-2172
Photo of Jovonna “Joey” Johnson in Wichita, KS
Jovonna “Joey” Johnson
LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67203
I enjoy working with clients ages 4+, from all backgrounds, focusing on children, teens who are opposed to mental health treatment (as well as the agreeable ones), and families. Some of the diagnoses I work with are Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, PTSD, Bipolar Disorders, ADHD, and Borderline Personality Disorder. I am comfortable working with talkative clients, clients who are reserved and withdrawn, and those who do not talk much at all. Whether you are ready to get to the nitty gritty immediately, or need time to get comfortable, I welcome the opportunity to partner with you on your mental health journey.
I enjoy working with clients ages 4+, from all backgrounds, focusing on children, teens who are opposed to mental health treatment (as well as the agreeable ones), and families. Some of the diagnoses I work with are Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, PTSD, Bipolar Disorders, ADHD, and Borderline Personality Disorder. I am comfortable working with talkative clients, clients who are reserved and withdrawn, and those who do not talk much at all. Whether you are ready to get to the nitty gritty immediately, or need time to get comfortable, I welcome the opportunity to partner with you on your mental health journey.
(316) 800-9543 View (316) 800-9543

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Wichita, KS

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Wichita, KS who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
70% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

96% BlueCross and BlueShield
74% Medicaid
71% Aetna

How Therapists in Wichita, KS see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Wichita?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.