Therapists in Glen Allen, VA

Photo of Mckayla Parker, Resident in Counseling in Glen Allen, VA
Mckayla Parker
Resident in Counseling, MS
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23060
Mckayla is currently a Resident in Counseling, pursuing full licensure as an LPC in Virginia. Mckayla focuses on helping clients become the best and happiest version of themselves by identifying and improving thought patterns and behaviors while learning to accept and deal with emotions. Her goal is to create a counseling environment that is unique and oriented to the specific needs of each client. She often incorporates strategies and techniques from CBT and DBT, along with other approaches that best fit each client's needs.
Mckayla is currently a Resident in Counseling, pursuing full licensure as an LPC in Virginia. Mckayla focuses on helping clients become the best and happiest version of themselves by identifying and improving thought patterns and behaviors while learning to accept and deal with emotions. Her goal is to create a counseling environment that is unique and oriented to the specific needs of each client. She often incorporates strategies and techniques from CBT and DBT, along with other approaches that best fit each client's needs.
(804) 465-9785 View (804) 465-9785
Photo of Beth Mcgraw, Psychologist in Glen Allen, VA
Beth Mcgraw
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Beth McGraw is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist who received her PhD in Clinical-Community Psychology from the University of South Carolina in 2006. She completed her pre-doctoral internship with the United States Air Force and continued as an active-duty officer and staff clinical psychologist with the Air Force through 2009. She has been practicing in the civilian outpatient mental health setting since 2012. Dr. McGraw is a cognitive-behavioral psychologist who strives to provide empirically supported treatments that fit the individual needs of each patient.
Beth McGraw is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist who received her PhD in Clinical-Community Psychology from the University of South Carolina in 2006. She completed her pre-doctoral internship with the United States Air Force and continued as an active-duty officer and staff clinical psychologist with the Air Force through 2009. She has been practicing in the civilian outpatient mental health setting since 2012. Dr. McGraw is a cognitive-behavioral psychologist who strives to provide empirically supported treatments that fit the individual needs of each patient.
(804) 886-1309 View (804) 886-1309
Photo of Kelsey Meltzer, Pre-Licensed Professional in Glen Allen, VA
Kelsey Meltzer
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23060
In our work together, I am committed to supporting the cultivation of a more empowered and fulfilled you! I am committed to creating a safe and affirming space that allows us to stay curious, explore, reflect, and grow to improve your relationship with yourself, others, and the world around you. As a trained generalist clinician, my areas of interest primarily focused on sexuality and sexuality-related issues. I help individuals embrace their sexual and gender identities, work through sexual trauma, and improve overall sexual satisfaction. I emphasize sexual freedom of feelings, fantasies, and all healthy forms of sexual activity.
In our work together, I am committed to supporting the cultivation of a more empowered and fulfilled you! I am committed to creating a safe and affirming space that allows us to stay curious, explore, reflect, and grow to improve your relationship with yourself, others, and the world around you. As a trained generalist clinician, my areas of interest primarily focused on sexuality and sexuality-related issues. I help individuals embrace their sexual and gender identities, work through sexual trauma, and improve overall sexual satisfaction. I emphasize sexual freedom of feelings, fantasies, and all healthy forms of sexual activity.
(804) 979-2953 View (804) 979-2953
Photo of Deja B Howard, Pre-Licensed Professional in Glen Allen, VA
Deja B Howard
Pre-Licensed Professional, SISW
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23060
I welcome those who are experiencing grief/loss, life adjustments, stress, anxiety, and PTSD. Sometimes we can find ourselves not wanting to burden those around us with our worries, or we just don't feel understood. Know that my space is one where you will be heard, validated, and seen. Common goals I work on with people can include: developing healthy coping skills, decreasing the presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and increasing people's ability for self-compassion. The individuals I work with are just trying to show up for themselves and the people that are in their lives, and that starts with taking care of themselves.
I welcome those who are experiencing grief/loss, life adjustments, stress, anxiety, and PTSD. Sometimes we can find ourselves not wanting to burden those around us with our worries, or we just don't feel understood. Know that my space is one where you will be heard, validated, and seen. Common goals I work on with people can include: developing healthy coping skills, decreasing the presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and increasing people's ability for self-compassion. The individuals I work with are just trying to show up for themselves and the people that are in their lives, and that starts with taking care of themselves.
(804) 315-3453 View (804) 315-3453
Christine Ketterer Gray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23059  (Online Only)
I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families to assist in treating anxiety and depression, enriching relationships, identifying stressors, and working through family issues. I help clients to identify their strengths in order to overcome challenges, and helps clients to grow and learn about themselves, develop self-care, find healthy coping skills, and learn effective ways of communicating. I also have experience working with individuals and families who are working through the grieving process and have worked with victims of violent crime, traumatic grief, and chronic illness.
I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals, couples, and families to assist in treating anxiety and depression, enriching relationships, identifying stressors, and working through family issues. I help clients to identify their strengths in order to overcome challenges, and helps clients to grow and learn about themselves, develop self-care, find healthy coping skills, and learn effective ways of communicating. I also have experience working with individuals and families who are working through the grieving process and have worked with victims of violent crime, traumatic grief, and chronic illness.
(804) 581-8240 View (804) 581-8240
Photo of Adam Powell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Glen Allen, VA
Adam Powell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059
I have more than 12 years of experience as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) working primarily with adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I use an integrative approach to therapy providing support for the whole person. Areas of focus include work/life balance, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, and life-transitions. I utilize a variety of therapeutic methods including CBT, mindfulness, culturally competent care, motivational interviewing, psychodynamic care, and stress management.
I have more than 12 years of experience as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) working primarily with adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I use an integrative approach to therapy providing support for the whole person. Areas of focus include work/life balance, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, and life-transitions. I utilize a variety of therapeutic methods including CBT, mindfulness, culturally competent care, motivational interviewing, psychodynamic care, and stress management.
(804) 581-8249 View (804) 581-8249
Photo of Kaley Wresch, Supervisee in Clinical Social Work in Glen Allen, VA
Kaley Wresch
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, MSW, SISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Kaley Wresch is a Supervisee in Social Work. She received her B.A. in History and B.S. in Mathematics from Drake University, and started out in academia before realizing she wanted to do more to work directly with people. Kaley then pivoted to pursue her Masters in Social Work from the University of Kentucky. Following the completion of her MSW, Kaley worked in the field of victim services, working with victims and victim advocates all across the state.
Kaley Wresch is a Supervisee in Social Work. She received her B.A. in History and B.S. in Mathematics from Drake University, and started out in academia before realizing she wanted to do more to work directly with people. Kaley then pivoted to pursue her Masters in Social Work from the University of Kentucky. Following the completion of her MSW, Kaley worked in the field of victim services, working with victims and victim advocates all across the state.
(804) 567-8681 View (804) 567-8681
Photo of Megan Davidson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Glen Allen, VA
Megan Davidson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23060
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Virginia who has experience helping others through challenges with depression, parenting problems, anxiety, LGBTQ+ issues, OCD, and relationship issues. I work hard to try to use humor and honesty in all sessions to help meet you where you are during sessions. We will work together to identify your strengths and to create solutions together to quickly find things that will work for your healing and processing.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Virginia who has experience helping others through challenges with depression, parenting problems, anxiety, LGBTQ+ issues, OCD, and relationship issues. I work hard to try to use humor and honesty in all sessions to help meet you where you are during sessions. We will work together to identify your strengths and to create solutions together to quickly find things that will work for your healing and processing.
(804) 599-3271 View (804) 599-3271
Photo of Opal Ritchie (5 Am Apts Available!), Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Glen Allen, VA
Opal Ritchie (5 Am Apts Available!)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059  (Online Only)
You really are the most important person in your life! Finding a therapist that’s a good fit is half the challenge and I am committed to creating that space for you to be yourself, share your truth and continue your process of growth. It’s about facing challenges together. I’m not here to make you change BUT I will set the stage for you to grow and develop your strengths. Let me guide you in bringing out your inner BADASS, respectfully.
You really are the most important person in your life! Finding a therapist that’s a good fit is half the challenge and I am committed to creating that space for you to be yourself, share your truth and continue your process of growth. It’s about facing challenges together. I’m not here to make you change BUT I will set the stage for you to grow and develop your strengths. Let me guide you in bringing out your inner BADASS, respectfully.
(804) 265-4582 View (804) 265-4582
Photo of Amber Zarger, Pre-Licensed Professional in Glen Allen, VA
Amber Zarger
Pre-Licensed Professional, LSISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23059
I utilize a range of approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, strength-based perspective, dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness training, narrative therapy, and play therapy. I also have a passion for art therapy and other creative techniques.
I utilize a range of approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, strength-based perspective, dialectical behavior therapy, mindfulness training, narrative therapy, and play therapy. I also have a passion for art therapy and other creative techniques.
(804) 465-9630 View (804) 465-9630
Photo of Johnzelle Anderson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Glen Allen, VA
Johnzelle Anderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23060
Being human is hard! A lot of us are juggling school, work, family, friendships, and about a thousand other things simultaneously. All that pressure begins to weigh on us after a while. This can lead to anxiety, depression, relationship issues, financial stress... The list goes on. I specialize in working with preteens, teens, and young adults dealing with stress, family problems, bullying, and life transitions. As your therapist, I will help you navigate through life's challenges by listening to you, uncovering the areas that are keeping you stuck, and provide skills to help you live your best life.
Being human is hard! A lot of us are juggling school, work, family, friendships, and about a thousand other things simultaneously. All that pressure begins to weigh on us after a while. This can lead to anxiety, depression, relationship issues, financial stress... The list goes on. I specialize in working with preteens, teens, and young adults dealing with stress, family problems, bullying, and life transitions. As your therapist, I will help you navigate through life's challenges by listening to you, uncovering the areas that are keeping you stuck, and provide skills to help you live your best life.
(804) 376-5844 View (804) 376-5844
Photo of Patricia Owens, Licensed Professional Counselor in Glen Allen, VA
Patricia Owens
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, CSAC, LPC
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23060
Patricia Owens is a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 20 years of experience practicing in several states, specializing in depression, anxiety, PTSD/ Trauma, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorder. Pat treats patients 18 and up utilizing Reality Therapy, Person Centered, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in her approach with clients. Pat has extensive experience counseling young adults, families, and seniors in both clinical and outpatient settings.
Patricia Owens is a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 20 years of experience practicing in several states, specializing in depression, anxiety, PTSD/ Trauma, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorder. Pat treats patients 18 and up utilizing Reality Therapy, Person Centered, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in her approach with clients. Pat has extensive experience counseling young adults, families, and seniors in both clinical and outpatient settings.
(804) 656-5425 View (804) 656-5425
Photo of Stephen M Delo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Glen Allen, VA
Stephen M Delo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Stephen M. Delo, LCSW Stephen M. Delo is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who started practicing in 2012. He has a Masters in Social Work from Louisiana State University. Stephen approaches treatment with an analytical, yet relatable perspective, utilizing an eclectic approach that draws from ACT, CBT, DBT, professional and personal life experiences. In his spare time, Stephen enjoys exercise and fitness, coding, 3D art, reading, and cooking.
Stephen M. Delo, LCSW Stephen M. Delo is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who started practicing in 2012. He has a Masters in Social Work from Louisiana State University. Stephen approaches treatment with an analytical, yet relatable perspective, utilizing an eclectic approach that draws from ACT, CBT, DBT, professional and personal life experiences. In his spare time, Stephen enjoys exercise and fitness, coding, 3D art, reading, and cooking.
(804) 415-8403 View (804) 415-8403
Photo of Teresa Matous Ingraffia, Psychologist in Glen Allen, VA
Teresa Matous Ingraffia
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23060
A trusting, collaborative relationship is the basis for productive therapy. I develop those relationships with my clients through careful listening and deep empathy. I help individuals to gain more awareness of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to see their strengths as well as to change the negative patterns that keep them stuck. Often this involves examining past experiences that have led to inaccurate beliefs about themselves and others. It may also involve replacing harmful coping strategies with new, effective ways to manage stress.
A trusting, collaborative relationship is the basis for productive therapy. I develop those relationships with my clients through careful listening and deep empathy. I help individuals to gain more awareness of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to see their strengths as well as to change the negative patterns that keep them stuck. Often this involves examining past experiences that have led to inaccurate beliefs about themselves and others. It may also involve replacing harmful coping strategies with new, effective ways to manage stress.
(804) 657-6918 View (804) 657-6918
Photo of Amanda L. Campbell, Psychologist in Glen Allen, VA
Amanda L. Campbell
Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23060
Life can throw us stressful and even traumatic experiences that can cause us to feel like we are in an emotional gridlock, trapped in a cycle of the same feelings, behaviors, and thoughts we want to become free of. I invite you to continue reading if you are ready to begin your journey to becoming “unstuck."
Life can throw us stressful and even traumatic experiences that can cause us to feel like we are in an emotional gridlock, trapped in a cycle of the same feelings, behaviors, and thoughts we want to become free of. I invite you to continue reading if you are ready to begin your journey to becoming “unstuck."
(804) 250-1379 View (804) 250-1379
Photo of Anita Stoudmire, Licensed Professional Counselor in Glen Allen, VA
Anita Stoudmire
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23059
Hello! My name is Anita Stoudmire and I am a licensed professional therapist who specializes in couples therapy as well as individual therapy. I enjoy helping people to become their best selves and improve their relationships. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as well as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with most of my individual clients. I am trained in the Gottman Method for couples therapy and I am a certified Seven Principles Workshop leader.
Hello! My name is Anita Stoudmire and I am a licensed professional therapist who specializes in couples therapy as well as individual therapy. I enjoy helping people to become their best selves and improve their relationships. I utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as well as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with most of my individual clients. I am trained in the Gottman Method for couples therapy and I am a certified Seven Principles Workshop leader.
(804) 534-2019 View (804) 534-2019
Photo of Ariel Ham, Psychologist in Glen Allen, VA
Ariel Ham
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP, CSOTP, CATP, CCTP
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23060
I incorporate creative activities and evidence-based methods into traditional "talk therapy" for a fun outside-the-box approach to treatment. Together, we will work toward your goals exploring thought patterns and new ways to cope with distress. I am a warm, relaxed, and supportive clinician. I have a doctorate degree in clinical psychology and over 10 years of experience in the field. I have sought out specialized training in trauma, sexually exploited youth, eating disorders, addictions, and behaviorally challenging youth. I specialize in providing therapy and assessment services to adolescents and young adults, however work with individuals of all ages.
I incorporate creative activities and evidence-based methods into traditional "talk therapy" for a fun outside-the-box approach to treatment. Together, we will work toward your goals exploring thought patterns and new ways to cope with distress. I am a warm, relaxed, and supportive clinician. I have a doctorate degree in clinical psychology and over 10 years of experience in the field. I have sought out specialized training in trauma, sexually exploited youth, eating disorders, addictions, and behaviorally challenging youth. I specialize in providing therapy and assessment services to adolescents and young adults, however work with individuals of all ages.
(804) 269-8363 View (804) 269-8363
Photo of Jenny Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor in Glen Allen, VA
Jenny Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CFRC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Glen Allen, VA 23060
My goal as a therapist is to bear witness to each client’s unique experiences as they see them, help them to better understand their own perceptions, and uncover the inherent strengths of each individual in a warm, supportive environment. I aspire to help each client gain tools that work best for them to navigate the challenges of life and create a safe space for exploration and self-compassion. I work with adolescents and adults experiencing issues including depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, interpersonal conflict, LGBTQ+ issues, family conflict, trauma, emotional dysregulation, low self-esteem, and life transitions.
My goal as a therapist is to bear witness to each client’s unique experiences as they see them, help them to better understand their own perceptions, and uncover the inherent strengths of each individual in a warm, supportive environment. I aspire to help each client gain tools that work best for them to navigate the challenges of life and create a safe space for exploration and self-compassion. I work with adolescents and adults experiencing issues including depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, interpersonal conflict, LGBTQ+ issues, family conflict, trauma, emotional dysregulation, low self-esteem, and life transitions.
(804) 336-3351 View (804) 336-3351
Photo of Jacob Caflisch, Licensed Professional Counselor in Glen Allen, VA
Jacob Caflisch
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23060
Jacob Caflisch is a Licensed Professional Counselor. Specializing in Anxiety disorders, OCD, phobias, depression, and other challenges related to the different phases of life for individuals 14 and up. Jacob takes a person-centered approach while utilizing a combination of elements of CBT, ACT, solution-focused therapy, and motivational interviewing.
Jacob Caflisch is a Licensed Professional Counselor. Specializing in Anxiety disorders, OCD, phobias, depression, and other challenges related to the different phases of life for individuals 14 and up. Jacob takes a person-centered approach while utilizing a combination of elements of CBT, ACT, solution-focused therapy, and motivational interviewing.
(804) 369-8756 View (804) 369-8756
Photo of Amber Golden, Licensed Professional Counselor in Glen Allen, VA
Amber Golden
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, ATR, LPC
Verified Verified
Glen Allen, VA 23060
Welcome! I'm glad you've found me, and I hope something on my page resonates with you. I utilizes a person-centered, humanistic, strengths-based approach to help each client achieve their identified goals in therapy. My overall desire is to foster a safe place where you and I can collaboratively create a trusting therapeutic relationship where tough topics can be processed. Whether implementing “traditional” talk therapy, art therapy, or yoga, I operate from a body-positive, humanistic, trauma-informed perspective.
Welcome! I'm glad you've found me, and I hope something on my page resonates with you. I utilizes a person-centered, humanistic, strengths-based approach to help each client achieve their identified goals in therapy. My overall desire is to foster a safe place where you and I can collaboratively create a trusting therapeutic relationship where tough topics can be processed. Whether implementing “traditional” talk therapy, art therapy, or yoga, I operate from a body-positive, humanistic, trauma-informed perspective.
(804) 361-8313 View (804) 361-8313

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Glen Allen, VA

200+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Glen Allen, VA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
72% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
66% Relationship Issues
66% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Cigna and Evernorth
69% Anthem | Elevance
68% Aetna

How Therapists in Glen Allen, VA see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Glen Allen?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.