Therapists in Louisville, KY

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Photo of Erin Peirce, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Erin Peirce
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40207
As a licensed marriage and family therapist in private practice since 2014, I have experience working with people of all ages and from varied backgrounds. If you are living with depression or anxiety, having trouble managing a major transition or stressor, wading through grief, or seeking support in coping with difficult emotions or traumatic memories, I would be happy to work alongside you in identifying the resources you need to manage these difficulties successfully. I offer services to adults, teens, individuals, and families. I am focused on highlighting your strengths and supporting you in identifying your own solutions.
As a licensed marriage and family therapist in private practice since 2014, I have experience working with people of all ages and from varied backgrounds. If you are living with depression or anxiety, having trouble managing a major transition or stressor, wading through grief, or seeking support in coping with difficult emotions or traumatic memories, I would be happy to work alongside you in identifying the resources you need to manage these difficulties successfully. I offer services to adults, teens, individuals, and families. I am focused on highlighting your strengths and supporting you in identifying your own solutions.
(502) 785-7195 View (502) 785-7195
Photo of Dana Seay, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Dana Seay
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFTA
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40218
Are you struggling to have a healthy, mind, body, and spirit? Are you feeling overwhelmed with life? Are you dissatisfied with your family, work, and personal relationships? Are your emotions and anxiety getting in the way of you living life? I help individuals, couples, and families using a systemic focus to develop coping skills, effective and appropriate communication, trust building and life skills. These skills are helpful when engaging with family, partners, peers, co-workers, bosses, and other relationship systems where we engage.
Are you struggling to have a healthy, mind, body, and spirit? Are you feeling overwhelmed with life? Are you dissatisfied with your family, work, and personal relationships? Are your emotions and anxiety getting in the way of you living life? I help individuals, couples, and families using a systemic focus to develop coping skills, effective and appropriate communication, trust building and life skills. These skills are helpful when engaging with family, partners, peers, co-workers, bosses, and other relationship systems where we engage.
(502) 335-4209 View (502) 335-4209
Photo of Thomas Haffner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Thomas Haffner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40229  (Online Only)
If your marriage is struggling; If you are reeling from the aftermath of an affair; If you want your “surviving” marriage to be a “thriving” marriage; If you want to improve other relationships in your life; If you seek self improvement; Contact me. I have 20 years of experience helping people improve themselves and their relationships. Let’s get you started on a new path.
If your marriage is struggling; If you are reeling from the aftermath of an affair; If you want your “surviving” marriage to be a “thriving” marriage; If you want to improve other relationships in your life; If you seek self improvement; Contact me. I have 20 years of experience helping people improve themselves and their relationships. Let’s get you started on a new path.
(502) 233-2929 View (502) 233-2929
Photo of Abbie Gibitz, Pre-Licensed Professional in Louisville, KY
Abbie Gibitz
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40291  (Online Only)
Women who are pregnant, newly postpartum, or mothers of any age are my ideal client. Issues may include postpartum depression, life changes, child-rearing, marital changes, etc. Goals may include smooth adjustment to changes, processing and healing from traumatic birth stories, and a smooth and joyous transition into motherhood. My years of work as a doula and childbirth educator as well as a mother of five children make me the ideal counselor for mothers who want to thrive not just survive.
Women who are pregnant, newly postpartum, or mothers of any age are my ideal client. Issues may include postpartum depression, life changes, child-rearing, marital changes, etc. Goals may include smooth adjustment to changes, processing and healing from traumatic birth stories, and a smooth and joyous transition into motherhood. My years of work as a doula and childbirth educator as well as a mother of five children make me the ideal counselor for mothers who want to thrive not just survive.
(502) 747-1795 View (502) 747-1795
Photo of Justin Matthew Doub, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Justin Matthew Doub
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40207
Do you want to feel better? Would you like some help overcoming life's difficulties? I am a dually licensed clinical social worker and addiction counselor who works with adults struggling with a wide array of difficulties including depression, anxiety, anger, panic, addiction, and trauma. In treatment we will utilize a variety of evidence-based practices to help you address underlying issues, overcome life's obstacles, and achieve your personal goals. Email or call today to set up your first appointment.
Do you want to feel better? Would you like some help overcoming life's difficulties? I am a dually licensed clinical social worker and addiction counselor who works with adults struggling with a wide array of difficulties including depression, anxiety, anger, panic, addiction, and trauma. In treatment we will utilize a variety of evidence-based practices to help you address underlying issues, overcome life's obstacles, and achieve your personal goals. Email or call today to set up your first appointment.
(502) 414-8327 View (502) 414-8327
Photo of Cheyenne Hubbard, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Louisville, KY
Cheyenne Hubbard
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCADC, LPCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40243
With a compassionate and client-centered approach, I aim to create a safe and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences. My goal is to support you in gaining insight, finding solutions, and developing the tools to navigate life's challenges. I have a passion for helping individuals heal and grow, drawing from my experience and training in CBT, mindfulness, and EMDR. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, complex trauma, relationship issues, or simply seeking personal growth, I'm dedicated to working with you to achieve your goals.
With a compassionate and client-centered approach, I aim to create a safe and non-judgmental space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences. My goal is to support you in gaining insight, finding solutions, and developing the tools to navigate life's challenges. I have a passion for helping individuals heal and grow, drawing from my experience and training in CBT, mindfulness, and EMDR. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, complex trauma, relationship issues, or simply seeking personal growth, I'm dedicated to working with you to achieve your goals.
(502) 586-2589 View (502) 586-2589
Photo of George W. Cook, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
George W. Cook
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40223
Welcome. You are here, and that’s an important step toward change. Some days it is a matter of taking one step and realizing you can take another step tomorrow. Other days it may feel difficult figuring out the next steps. As a therapist specializing in the unique challenges of depression, anxiety, trauma recovery and situational stress, I am here to help. Whether you are looking for a therapist for yourself or someone you care about, I appreciate the opportunity to get to know you.
Welcome. You are here, and that’s an important step toward change. Some days it is a matter of taking one step and realizing you can take another step tomorrow. Other days it may feel difficult figuring out the next steps. As a therapist specializing in the unique challenges of depression, anxiety, trauma recovery and situational stress, I am here to help. Whether you are looking for a therapist for yourself or someone you care about, I appreciate the opportunity to get to know you.
(502) 427-6421 View (502) 427-6421
Photo of Nicole Elise Robinson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Louisville, KY
Nicole Elise Robinson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40220
Not accepting new clients
Do you feel stuck in a cycle of unhealthy relationships, patterns, and habits? It is my goal as a therapist to provide a safe environment to share issues that may be hindering you from your personal growth and development. With care and compassion I will provide support and practical feedback to help you reach your therapy goals. I have experience working with individuals, couples, and families with various challenges such as depression, trauma, sexual abuse, and addictions. I have a passion working with teenagers that have experienced trauma and abuse. Please feel free to call with questions.
Do you feel stuck in a cycle of unhealthy relationships, patterns, and habits? It is my goal as a therapist to provide a safe environment to share issues that may be hindering you from your personal growth and development. With care and compassion I will provide support and practical feedback to help you reach your therapy goals. I have experience working with individuals, couples, and families with various challenges such as depression, trauma, sexual abuse, and addictions. I have a passion working with teenagers that have experienced trauma and abuse. Please feel free to call with questions.
(502) 443-1342 View (502) 443-1342
Photo of Ellyn Abdelghany Ramser, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Louisville, KY
Ellyn Abdelghany Ramser
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MFTA, BSFS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40223
We all experience challenges in our life, and sometimes we need support to make the changes we are seeking. I strive to walk side by side through challenging times with my clients, as we move through healing and seek the changes they desire in their lives. My theory of change is rooted in a humanistic approach to therapy that focuses on treating the whole person, and emphasizes the strengths of the client. I have experience working with families, children, adolescents, preteens, teenagers, and adults all with varying issues. I tend to lean into a family systems approach to therapy when working with families and individuals.
We all experience challenges in our life, and sometimes we need support to make the changes we are seeking. I strive to walk side by side through challenging times with my clients, as we move through healing and seek the changes they desire in their lives. My theory of change is rooted in a humanistic approach to therapy that focuses on treating the whole person, and emphasizes the strengths of the client. I have experience working with families, children, adolescents, preteens, teenagers, and adults all with varying issues. I tend to lean into a family systems approach to therapy when working with families and individuals.
(502) 427-7887 View (502) 427-7887
Photo of Misty Young, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Misty Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40291  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Life can be overwhelming due to multiple reasons that may leave you feeling that there is no clear path. You may have considered therapy or wondered if it would be helpful to you. You may have talked yourself out of reaching out for help before, however, searching for a therapist is a step forward. Everyone deserves a safe space where you can speak with someone who is objective. I enjoy providing such a space to individuals. I will listen and work with you to help identify goals, barriers, and practical solutions. Every individual is exactly that, an individual, and has their own story and circumstances.
Life can be overwhelming due to multiple reasons that may leave you feeling that there is no clear path. You may have considered therapy or wondered if it would be helpful to you. You may have talked yourself out of reaching out for help before, however, searching for a therapist is a step forward. Everyone deserves a safe space where you can speak with someone who is objective. I enjoy providing such a space to individuals. I will listen and work with you to help identify goals, barriers, and practical solutions. Every individual is exactly that, an individual, and has their own story and circumstances.
(502) 305-7644 View (502) 305-7644
Photo of Ashley Ertel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Ashley Ertel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD, C-DBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40291  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Ashley is a Kentucky Board Certified LCSW Supervisor who has been in the role as a senior therapist for a decade. She is the owner of The Delta Group which specializes in telehealth services with a focus on: Trauma Related Disorders (including Racial Trauma), Anxiety, Depression, Personality Disorders, Adjustment and Transitional Concerns, Parenting Challenges, and LGBTQIA Issues.
Ashley is a Kentucky Board Certified LCSW Supervisor who has been in the role as a senior therapist for a decade. She is the owner of The Delta Group which specializes in telehealth services with a focus on: Trauma Related Disorders (including Racial Trauma), Anxiety, Depression, Personality Disorders, Adjustment and Transitional Concerns, Parenting Challenges, and LGBTQIA Issues.
(502) 237-4322 View (502) 237-4322
Photo of Amy Mudd, LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Amy Mudd, LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40205
Ready to be free from overwhelming anxiety, unwanted emotional and physical reactions related to stressful or traumatic events, phobias, negative messages about yourself and mindfully practice the kind of life you want to live? We will partner using Havening Techniques(tm), and accelerated resolution therapy to reduce or eliminate negative reactions that interfere with the choices you want to make in your life today and practice building the purposeful life you want. I have been a licensed clinician for 19 years working in community based agencies focused on trauma and hospital based services focused on depression and anxiety.
Ready to be free from overwhelming anxiety, unwanted emotional and physical reactions related to stressful or traumatic events, phobias, negative messages about yourself and mindfully practice the kind of life you want to live? We will partner using Havening Techniques(tm), and accelerated resolution therapy to reduce or eliminate negative reactions that interfere with the choices you want to make in your life today and practice building the purposeful life you want. I have been a licensed clinician for 19 years working in community based agencies focused on trauma and hospital based services focused on depression and anxiety.
(502) 513-6204 View (502) 513-6204
Photo of Kelly Fleischer, Art Therapist in Louisville, KY
Kelly Fleischer
Art Therapist, MEd, ATR-BC, LPAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40205
I am an experienced art therapist with a passion for guiding children 5+, teens, and young adults on a journey of self-discovery and healing through art, talk therapy and other expressive modalities such as movement, play, and mindfulness. Clients can expect a safe and nurturing space to explore their emotions, thoughts, and challenges. These clients may be grappling with issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, self-expression, or communication difficulties.
I am an experienced art therapist with a passion for guiding children 5+, teens, and young adults on a journey of self-discovery and healing through art, talk therapy and other expressive modalities such as movement, play, and mindfulness. Clients can expect a safe and nurturing space to explore their emotions, thoughts, and challenges. These clients may be grappling with issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, self-expression, or communication difficulties.
(502) 317-1268 View (502) 317-1268
Photo of Chloe Moakler, Pre-Licensed Professional in Louisville, KY
Chloe Moakler
Pre-Licensed Professional, CSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40222
Now accepting new clients! Whether working with children, adolescents, or young adults, my approach is grounded in creating a safe and supportive space for exploration, growth, and empowerment. Most of my professional experience has involved working with children and adolescents with a range of mood disorders, personality disorders, and trauma histories.
Now accepting new clients! Whether working with children, adolescents, or young adults, my approach is grounded in creating a safe and supportive space for exploration, growth, and empowerment. Most of my professional experience has involved working with children and adolescents with a range of mood disorders, personality disorders, and trauma histories.
(502) 206-0333 View (502) 206-0333
Photo of Acadia Counseling Louisville, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Louisville, KY
Acadia Counseling Louisville
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40207
The team of helpers at Acadia Counseling is ready to assist you with whatever is weighing you down. Maybe you have never attended counseling before. Maybe you tried it once or twice and didn't like the professional you saw. Whatever your situation, we are ready to help!
The team of helpers at Acadia Counseling is ready to assist you with whatever is weighing you down. Maybe you have never attended counseling before. Maybe you tried it once or twice and didn't like the professional you saw. Whatever your situation, we are ready to help!
(502) 825-1375 View (502) 825-1375
Photo of Sara Schuhmann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Sara Schuhmann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40207
Not accepting new clients
Reaching out for help can be one of the hardest parts of the therapeutic journey, but it is also the step to healing. I enjoy working with teens, adults, couples, and families, who are needing a space to process their thoughts and emotions. I think about issues systemically and how our family dynamics relate to how we think, feel, and behave. I encourage my clients to discuss their challenges, while using a collaborative, experiential, and strength-based approach. My goal is to provide people with the tools and resources to implement healthy changes in their lives.
Reaching out for help can be one of the hardest parts of the therapeutic journey, but it is also the step to healing. I enjoy working with teens, adults, couples, and families, who are needing a space to process their thoughts and emotions. I think about issues systemically and how our family dynamics relate to how we think, feel, and behave. I encourage my clients to discuss their challenges, while using a collaborative, experiential, and strength-based approach. My goal is to provide people with the tools and resources to implement healthy changes in their lives.
(502) 706-4129 View (502) 706-4129
Photo of Joseph Mull, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Louisville, KY
Joseph Mull
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, LCADC, NCC
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40243
My areas of experience include Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, ADHD, Substance Abuse, Acquired Brain Injury, as well as other behavior and mood disorders. I help individuals overcome personal or interpersonal difficulties affecting mental health.
My areas of experience include Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, ADHD, Substance Abuse, Acquired Brain Injury, as well as other behavior and mood disorders. I help individuals overcome personal or interpersonal difficulties affecting mental health.
(502) 200-1934 View (502) 200-1934
Photo of Holly Sumner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Holly Sumner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40222
Do you feel overwhelmed, stressed, anxious? Has an addiction or the addiction of a loved one stolen years of your life? Are you angry, scared, feeling alone? Reaching out for help is the first step towards a whole new life. Life can be amazing, we just have to find our path to the life we want. Today can be the start of a whole new life. The life you have always wanted and now is the time to take the steps to creating this amazing life. Together we will make a plan for change. You have the power to make a life you love and I am here to help you find the power within.
Do you feel overwhelmed, stressed, anxious? Has an addiction or the addiction of a loved one stolen years of your life? Are you angry, scared, feeling alone? Reaching out for help is the first step towards a whole new life. Life can be amazing, we just have to find our path to the life we want. Today can be the start of a whole new life. The life you have always wanted and now is the time to take the steps to creating this amazing life. Together we will make a plan for change. You have the power to make a life you love and I am here to help you find the power within.
(502) 206-0274 View (502) 206-0274
Photo of Crashonda Duncan, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Louisville, KY
Crashonda Duncan
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, TCADC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Louisville, KY 40204
Hey! Much gratitude and appreciation that you stopped by. Are you dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, low self esteem? Do you sometimes wonder how you will make it through the day? Heartbreak? Trauma? I am a skilled psychotherapist who believes that my job is to meet each individual where they are by looking at the whole person in order to get them to where they want to be. I believe that change is made through establishing nonjudgmental, supportive and healthy relationships. My focus is to create a collaborative, warm and comfortable environment in which clients feel safe to explore their "TRUTHS".
Hey! Much gratitude and appreciation that you stopped by. Are you dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, low self esteem? Do you sometimes wonder how you will make it through the day? Heartbreak? Trauma? I am a skilled psychotherapist who believes that my job is to meet each individual where they are by looking at the whole person in order to get them to where they want to be. I believe that change is made through establishing nonjudgmental, supportive and healthy relationships. My focus is to create a collaborative, warm and comfortable environment in which clients feel safe to explore their "TRUTHS".
(502) 265-3941 View (502) 265-3941
Photo of Jennifer Nance, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Louisville, KY
Jennifer Nance
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW
Verified Verified
Louisville, KY 40220
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy working with individuals, adolescents through seniors, of all gender identities, as well as couples and families; empowering clients and working towards overall well-being. My style of therapy is considered laid back and conversational but always tailored to what each individual needs and likes. Whether it be anxiety, grief processing, sexual & domestic/intimate partner violence, or caregiver support- I have something to offer everyone through traditional and holistic approaches. Additionally, I provide LGBTQ+ support and embrace alt-lifestyles.
I enjoy working with individuals, adolescents through seniors, of all gender identities, as well as couples and families; empowering clients and working towards overall well-being. My style of therapy is considered laid back and conversational but always tailored to what each individual needs and likes. Whether it be anxiety, grief processing, sexual & domestic/intimate partner violence, or caregiver support- I have something to offer everyone through traditional and holistic approaches. Additionally, I provide LGBTQ+ support and embrace alt-lifestyles.
(502) 289-0562 View (502) 289-0562

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Louisville, KY

1,000+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Louisville, KY who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
71% Self Esteem
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
59% Relationship Issues
57% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Aetna
70% Humana
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Louisville, KY see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Louisville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.