Therapists in Lawrence, KS

Photo of Maggie Jones Boyle, Licensed Professional Counselor in Lawrence, KS
Maggie Jones Boyle
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Lawrence, KS 66044  (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients! You’ve always felt different, and always feeling different is lonely. You think about things more deeply than most people; you seem to feel things more deeply too. Often you find yourself appeasing others at your own expense, because the idea of confrontation or asserting yourself is overwhelming. You hold yourself to high standards and constantly compare yourself to others. In fact, you’re so used to being what other people want you to be that you aren’t even sure who you are. You’re tired of relying on external validation and tired of struggling so much to speak up for your needs.
Currently accepting new clients! You’ve always felt different, and always feeling different is lonely. You think about things more deeply than most people; you seem to feel things more deeply too. Often you find yourself appeasing others at your own expense, because the idea of confrontation or asserting yourself is overwhelming. You hold yourself to high standards and constantly compare yourself to others. In fact, you’re so used to being what other people want you to be that you aren’t even sure who you are. You’re tired of relying on external validation and tired of struggling so much to speak up for your needs.
(785) 264-4087 View (785) 264-4087
Photo of Jena Bloch, Marriage & Family Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Jena Bloch
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66049
I love supporting couples and individuals who are wanting to make a change in their life or wanting to feel better. Maybe they are struggling with regulating their emotions and don't have enough tools to be as resilient as they would like to be. Maybe there are outside stressors with work, a relationship, or kids and want support in how to handle a situation. They may find themselves "triggered" by things from past trauma and they don't know how to cope. They may feel very stuck in a relationship and now sure how to move forward.
I love supporting couples and individuals who are wanting to make a change in their life or wanting to feel better. Maybe they are struggling with regulating their emotions and don't have enough tools to be as resilient as they would like to be. Maybe there are outside stressors with work, a relationship, or kids and want support in how to handle a situation. They may find themselves "triggered" by things from past trauma and they don't know how to cope. They may feel very stuck in a relationship and now sure how to move forward.
(785) 465-4472 View (785) 465-4472
Photo of Jill A. Reese, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Jill A. Reese
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, DBT-C
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66044
Do you experience depression, anxiety, mood swings, relationship conflicts or engage in impulsive behaviors? If you've answered yes to any of these questions you are not alone. Finding your way to this moment is your journey, together we can embrace your strengths and work toward the life you have envisioned.
Do you experience depression, anxiety, mood swings, relationship conflicts or engage in impulsive behaviors? If you've answered yes to any of these questions you are not alone. Finding your way to this moment is your journey, together we can embrace your strengths and work toward the life you have envisioned.
(785) 831-4330 View (785) 831-4330
Photo of Teri Lynn Grunthaner in Lawrence, KS
Teri Lynn Grunthaner
MA, P-RDT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lawrence, KS 66044
No matter how much you talk about it, hardly anything gets heard. And because of it, your relationship now has more grudges, anger, resentment, and distrust than you can tolerate. The wounds are deep and layered upon wounds of relationships past. At times it even feels like you're worlds apart, and the more you try to get the other to understand, the gap just widens. It's exhausting to be on edge with each other, bracing for the next escalation of blame and shame. You're over trying to keep the peace and are instead longing to feel the safety.
No matter how much you talk about it, hardly anything gets heard. And because of it, your relationship now has more grudges, anger, resentment, and distrust than you can tolerate. The wounds are deep and layered upon wounds of relationships past. At times it even feels like you're worlds apart, and the more you try to get the other to understand, the gap just widens. It's exhausting to be on edge with each other, bracing for the next escalation of blame and shame. You're over trying to keep the peace and are instead longing to feel the safety.
(785) 432-4386 View (785) 432-4386
Photo of Darius Harris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Darius Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW-T
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66044
You're deserving of whatever it is that you intend to do and be. Life can sometimes have us questioning the truth behind my previous statement. Trying to make sense of your thoughts, feelings, and the world around you can be incredibly overwhelming. Through therapy, I strive to accompany people throughout their journey of personal growth and development. I prioritize a strength-based, client-centered approach to treatment; utilizing psychoeducation and techniques derived from CBT and DBT. In other words, therapy is about YOU, we work together to learn what works best for you.
You're deserving of whatever it is that you intend to do and be. Life can sometimes have us questioning the truth behind my previous statement. Trying to make sense of your thoughts, feelings, and the world around you can be incredibly overwhelming. Through therapy, I strive to accompany people throughout their journey of personal growth and development. I prioritize a strength-based, client-centered approach to treatment; utilizing psychoeducation and techniques derived from CBT and DBT. In other words, therapy is about YOU, we work together to learn what works best for you.
(785) 384-6138 View (785) 384-6138
Photo of Linda Hoopes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Linda Hoopes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lawrence, KS 66049
You may be struggling with strong emotions or wondering when your life will ever get back to normal. Or maybe you are at a crossroads in your life and needing to make a major decision. Perhaps you have a pre-teen or adolescent who is struggling and needing ways to express and work through their pain. Perhaps you want to work through life issues with a therapist who is LGBTQ friendly and aware of the struggles of this community. I provide a safe space for you to share your story when you are dealing with difficult situations and feelings.
You may be struggling with strong emotions or wondering when your life will ever get back to normal. Or maybe you are at a crossroads in your life and needing to make a major decision. Perhaps you have a pre-teen or adolescent who is struggling and needing ways to express and work through their pain. Perhaps you want to work through life issues with a therapist who is LGBTQ friendly and aware of the struggles of this community. I provide a safe space for you to share your story when you are dealing with difficult situations and feelings.
(785) 218-5747 View (785) 218-5747
Photo of Holly Stidham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Holly Stidham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66049
I love working with individual clients who are ready to do the work, clients who are seeking answers, clients who are ready to look within and heal deeply. The issues I work most with is trauma, attentional disorders, anxiety, life transitions, identity and grief. My clients range from later adolescents and adults. Often, I integrate spiritual components if clients are open to and feel comforted by utilizing these perspectives. I meet clients where they are, as a social worker, I believe in advocacy and collaboration.
I love working with individual clients who are ready to do the work, clients who are seeking answers, clients who are ready to look within and heal deeply. The issues I work most with is trauma, attentional disorders, anxiety, life transitions, identity and grief. My clients range from later adolescents and adults. Often, I integrate spiritual components if clients are open to and feel comforted by utilizing these perspectives. I meet clients where they are, as a social worker, I believe in advocacy and collaboration.
(785) 760-5599 View (785) 760-5599
Photo of Leigh Jordan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Leigh Jordan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66049
Welcome! I’m Leigh Jordan, a clinical social worker with 18 years of experience in the field. I have a passion for helping people improve their lives, achieve their goals and determine their own futures. I help clients navigate the complexities of their thoughts, and feelings, gain insight, reconcile past experiences, improve relationships and enhance personal growth. My approach to therapy utilizes Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and the strengths perspective allowing for a holistic and empowering journey towards healing and self-discovery.
Welcome! I’m Leigh Jordan, a clinical social worker with 18 years of experience in the field. I have a passion for helping people improve their lives, achieve their goals and determine their own futures. I help clients navigate the complexities of their thoughts, and feelings, gain insight, reconcile past experiences, improve relationships and enhance personal growth. My approach to therapy utilizes Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and the strengths perspective allowing for a holistic and empowering journey towards healing and self-discovery.
(785) 491-7282 View (785) 491-7282
Photo of Samantha Welty, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Samantha Welty
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lawrence, KS 66044
Thank you for visiting my page. Are you or a loved one going through a difficult time? There are times in all of our lives where we could all benefit from extra support. My focus is to help cater your treatment in ways that you find beneficial for you.
Thank you for visiting my page. Are you or a loved one going through a difficult time? There are times in all of our lives where we could all benefit from extra support. My focus is to help cater your treatment in ways that you find beneficial for you.
(785) 310-2885 View (785) 310-2885
Photo of K.N. Rials Therapy and Consulting , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
K.N. Rials Therapy and Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lawrence, KS 66047  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Specialist Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of practice, teaching and executive leadership experience. My Practice Principles are to Live with Courage, Be Guided by Integrity, Choose To Trust, Demonstrate Loyalty, and Do It with Excellence.
I am a Licensed Specialist Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of practice, teaching and executive leadership experience. My Practice Principles are to Live with Courage, Be Guided by Integrity, Choose To Trust, Demonstrate Loyalty, and Do It with Excellence.
(785) 264-4426 View (785) 264-4426
Photo of Julie Ohse, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Julie Ohse
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66044
Welcome and congratulations on taking this critical first step toward taking care of yourself. Whether your struggle is anxiety, depression, grief & loss, or simply need help navigating life's transitions, the relationship we will build in therapy allows for understanding and growth to take place. With 30 years of experience helping teens, adults and families, I'm committed to using evidence based practices to help clients feel better and improve their quality of life. I want to support you toward your goals and believe identifying and initiating small shifts in thought, feelings and behavior lead to healthier patterns of living.
Welcome and congratulations on taking this critical first step toward taking care of yourself. Whether your struggle is anxiety, depression, grief & loss, or simply need help navigating life's transitions, the relationship we will build in therapy allows for understanding and growth to take place. With 30 years of experience helping teens, adults and families, I'm committed to using evidence based practices to help clients feel better and improve their quality of life. I want to support you toward your goals and believe identifying and initiating small shifts in thought, feelings and behavior lead to healthier patterns of living.
(785) 384-8511 View (785) 384-8511
Photo of Jacob Manfred Bigus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Jacob Manfred Bigus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66046
Being accepted for who we are is one of our most basic needs as humans. With many pieces adding up to create a whole being, it is hard to find someone who can understand without having to explain every time we see them. Repeated explaining and misunderstanding can lead to a feeling of shame and uncertainty that can damage the therapeutic relationship before it starts. I work from a baseline of understanding to help create a safe space for my clients to learn and grow. Therapy should be a laboratory where you can experiment with how you interact with others and present yourself. You are the expert on you. I'm just here to guide.
Being accepted for who we are is one of our most basic needs as humans. With many pieces adding up to create a whole being, it is hard to find someone who can understand without having to explain every time we see them. Repeated explaining and misunderstanding can lead to a feeling of shame and uncertainty that can damage the therapeutic relationship before it starts. I work from a baseline of understanding to help create a safe space for my clients to learn and grow. Therapy should be a laboratory where you can experiment with how you interact with others and present yourself. You are the expert on you. I'm just here to guide.
(785) 377-6658 View (785) 377-6658
Photo of Micaela Sands, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Micaela Sands
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66044
“We are all just walking each other home.” I believe that together, change can be made. Life presents us with challenges and it is our mission to learn and grow from those challenges. As a clinician, it is my passion to support you through this process. I am a Licensed Master Social Worker in the state of Kansas with a background in animal assisted social work, and crisis intervention. I work primarily with young adults, teens, women new to motherhood, and individuals with complex family dynamics.
“We are all just walking each other home.” I believe that together, change can be made. Life presents us with challenges and it is our mission to learn and grow from those challenges. As a clinician, it is my passion to support you through this process. I am a Licensed Master Social Worker in the state of Kansas with a background in animal assisted social work, and crisis intervention. I work primarily with young adults, teens, women new to motherhood, and individuals with complex family dynamics.
(785) 390-9744 View (785) 390-9744
Photo of Chelsy Larson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Chelsy Larson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66049
Not accepting new clients
I work with adults and adolescents who have found themselves overwhelmed with anxiety, depression, and/or the complex stress of surviving trauma and loss. I find that when individuals are given the space to be open and honest about their experience with no judgement, they are better able to draw on their own strengths and skills to begin healing. I also offer psychoeducation and cognitive skills to empower clients with a better understanding of how to influence their mental/emotional health to achieve increased functioning and well-being.
I work with adults and adolescents who have found themselves overwhelmed with anxiety, depression, and/or the complex stress of surviving trauma and loss. I find that when individuals are given the space to be open and honest about their experience with no judgement, they are better able to draw on their own strengths and skills to begin healing. I also offer psychoeducation and cognitive skills to empower clients with a better understanding of how to influence their mental/emotional health to achieve increased functioning and well-being.
(785) 330-9633 View (785) 330-9633
Photo of Cassy Ainsworth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Cassy Ainsworth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, EMDR, CDWF
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66049  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I would like to acknowledge the courage you are exhibiting showing up. There are struggles in seeking out life changes and you have taken the first step. Everyone can be looking to enhance their life at times due to a variety of internal and external causes. It can be beneficial to have a space that is safe, comfortable and free of judgment to process and build. My therapeutic style is relaxed and strives to honor and value the whole person. At the heart of my practice lies a commitment to integrating neuroscience and strength's perspective techniques, which invite you to explore the wellspring of your inner resources.
I would like to acknowledge the courage you are exhibiting showing up. There are struggles in seeking out life changes and you have taken the first step. Everyone can be looking to enhance their life at times due to a variety of internal and external causes. It can be beneficial to have a space that is safe, comfortable and free of judgment to process and build. My therapeutic style is relaxed and strives to honor and value the whole person. At the heart of my practice lies a commitment to integrating neuroscience and strength's perspective techniques, which invite you to explore the wellspring of your inner resources.
(785) 470-3033 View (785) 470-3033
Photo of Christian Psychological Services, Psychologist in Lawrence, KS
Christian Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lawrence, KS 66049
The staff at Christian Psychological Services specialize in providing quality counseling and psychotherapy for individuals challenged with depression, anxiety, marital/family issues to include parent-child conflict, aging, postpartum/peripartum for women, substance abuse, career identification and transition, grief/loss, and forgiveness. Dr. Harnden also has extensive experience in providing psychological assessment evaluations for individuals and for corporations in regard to succession management, downsizing and development opportunities. Group therapy and team building services are also provided by seasoned professionals.
The staff at Christian Psychological Services specialize in providing quality counseling and psychotherapy for individuals challenged with depression, anxiety, marital/family issues to include parent-child conflict, aging, postpartum/peripartum for women, substance abuse, career identification and transition, grief/loss, and forgiveness. Dr. Harnden also has extensive experience in providing psychological assessment evaluations for individuals and for corporations in regard to succession management, downsizing and development opportunities. Group therapy and team building services are also provided by seasoned professionals.
(785) 371-2109 View (785) 371-2109
Photo of Noah Mosier, Psychologist in Lawrence, KS
Noah Mosier
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66049
Not accepting new clients
Life’s challenges often feel overwhelming and prevent us from focusing on the areas of life that we value most. Feelings of worry, fatigue, and emotional disconnection can take the place of joy and meaning. In therapy you can expect to better understand the emotional challenges that keep you stuck, and collaborate on a personalized plan for addressing these challenges. We will carefully consider the strengths and abilities that have allowed you to persevere through difficult times in the past, and work to optimize how these strengths can help you move forward.
Life’s challenges often feel overwhelming and prevent us from focusing on the areas of life that we value most. Feelings of worry, fatigue, and emotional disconnection can take the place of joy and meaning. In therapy you can expect to better understand the emotional challenges that keep you stuck, and collaborate on a personalized plan for addressing these challenges. We will carefully consider the strengths and abilities that have allowed you to persevere through difficult times in the past, and work to optimize how these strengths can help you move forward.
(785) 322-9570 View (785) 322-9570
Photo of Lisa Potter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lawrence, KS
Lisa Potter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lawrence, KS 66044
Welcome! I'm Lisa, a licensed clinical social worker specializing in perinatal therapy, women's life transitions, depression, anxiety, and affirming LGBTQ+ support. With a focus on resilience and empowerment, I offer personalized therapy to navigate life's transformative moments. I provide a safe space for individuals of all identities to explore their journey, address mental health concerns, and strengthen relationships.
Welcome! I'm Lisa, a licensed clinical social worker specializing in perinatal therapy, women's life transitions, depression, anxiety, and affirming LGBTQ+ support. With a focus on resilience and empowerment, I offer personalized therapy to navigate life's transformative moments. I provide a safe space for individuals of all identities to explore their journey, address mental health concerns, and strengthen relationships.
(785) 572-4719 View (785) 572-4719
Photo of Spence Counseling Center - KS, Counselor in Lawrence, KS
Spence Counseling Center - KS
Counselor
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66044
Spence Counseling Center has over 15 Christian counselors in several locations throughout Nebraska, Iowa, and Kansas allowing us to serve more populations with a wider variety of issues. Through all the changes in all the years, our mission has remained the same: bringing help, healing, and freedom to the hurting, wounded, and lonely people of this world. As Spence Counseling Center moves forward into the future, our dedication to our mission remains the same as does our commitment to Christ-centered integrative therapy.
Spence Counseling Center has over 15 Christian counselors in several locations throughout Nebraska, Iowa, and Kansas allowing us to serve more populations with a wider variety of issues. Through all the changes in all the years, our mission has remained the same: bringing help, healing, and freedom to the hurting, wounded, and lonely people of this world. As Spence Counseling Center moves forward into the future, our dedication to our mission remains the same as does our commitment to Christ-centered integrative therapy.
(785) 428-0986 View (785) 428-0986
Photo of Emily Feingold, Licensed Professional Counselor in Lawrence, KS
Emily Feingold
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lawrence, KS 66046
It takes bravery to start the journey from struggle and pain toward insight, wisdom, and healing. I am committed to assisting you in making gift to yourself and your community. We hear a lot about post-traumatic stress, but it's also very important to invite post-traumatic growth. If the hard knocks of life stay unaddressed - words unspoken, questions unasked, feelings unnamed and unexpressed - we lose our vitality and become limited to negative patterns. A therapeutic alliance can transform and liberate.
It takes bravery to start the journey from struggle and pain toward insight, wisdom, and healing. I am committed to assisting you in making gift to yourself and your community. We hear a lot about post-traumatic stress, but it's also very important to invite post-traumatic growth. If the hard knocks of life stay unaddressed - words unspoken, questions unasked, feelings unnamed and unexpressed - we lose our vitality and become limited to negative patterns. A therapeutic alliance can transform and liberate.
(785) 318-4979 View (785) 318-4979

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lawrence, KS

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Lawrence, KS who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
90% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Stress
71% Relationship Issues
71% Trauma and PTSD
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

91% BlueCross and BlueShield
44% Aetna
43% Medicaid

How Therapists in Lawrence, KS see their clients

79% In Person and Online
21% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lawrence?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.