Therapists in Alexandria, VA

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Photo of Marguerite M Turner, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Marguerite M Turner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
I am continually amazed at the capacity of the human spirit. So I see my role as helping you access your inner resources to move toward wholeness and health. I don't believe any of us wake up in the morning thinking "how can I mess up my life today?" So I see my role as helping you access your confident, creative, and compassionate self. I work with clients who are depressed, anxious, facing relationship challenges, struggling with intense emotions, and trauma survivors.
I am continually amazed at the capacity of the human spirit. So I see my role as helping you access your inner resources to move toward wholeness and health. I don't believe any of us wake up in the morning thinking "how can I mess up my life today?" So I see my role as helping you access your confident, creative, and compassionate self. I work with clients who are depressed, anxious, facing relationship challenges, struggling with intense emotions, and trauma survivors.
(703) 991-6491 View (703) 991-6491
Photo of Claudia Maria Carrera, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Claudia Maria Carrera
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22309
Dr. Carrera is an Army Veteran and clinical psychologist. Throughout her career, Dr. Carrera has provided psychological assessments for a wide variety of referrals and is trained in providing evidence-based treatments for a variety of complex mental health conditions with a special emphasis on treating anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD. Dr. Carrera has experience with consultation, performance enhancement education, and specialized coaching for career transition and leadership development. She is fluent in spoken and written Spanish and offers therapy and comprehensive psychological testing services in both English and Spanish.
Dr. Carrera is an Army Veteran and clinical psychologist. Throughout her career, Dr. Carrera has provided psychological assessments for a wide variety of referrals and is trained in providing evidence-based treatments for a variety of complex mental health conditions with a special emphasis on treating anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD. Dr. Carrera has experience with consultation, performance enhancement education, and specialized coaching for career transition and leadership development. She is fluent in spoken and written Spanish and offers therapy and comprehensive psychological testing services in both English and Spanish.
(703) 293-5328 View (703) 293-5328
Photo of Jennifer Redlin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Jennifer Redlin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Jenny Leigh Redlin is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Licensed Professional Counselor (LMHC, LPC) with over 10 years of experience assisting adults who are struggling with trauma, shame, regret, difficult life transitions, low feelings of self-worth, anxiety, depression, or identity-related issues.
Jenny Leigh Redlin is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Licensed Professional Counselor (LMHC, LPC) with over 10 years of experience assisting adults who are struggling with trauma, shame, regret, difficult life transitions, low feelings of self-worth, anxiety, depression, or identity-related issues.
(571) 556-9889 View (571) 556-9889
Photo of Pearl Vitality Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Pearl Vitality Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
My main focus is relationship/ couples therapy. I have extensive experience working with individuals across the life span, couples, families and groups from various backgrounds i.e cultures and age groups with a wide range of psychosocial stressors with areas of focus, including but not limited to, testing for ADHD, marital/ relationship conflicts, divorce, mental health, eating disorders, substance abuse, domestic violence, maturational stress, military lifestyle, interpersonal/intrapersonal conflicts, suicidal ideations, grief and loss, child/adult abuse, parent child -relational issues.
My main focus is relationship/ couples therapy. I have extensive experience working with individuals across the life span, couples, families and groups from various backgrounds i.e cultures and age groups with a wide range of psychosocial stressors with areas of focus, including but not limited to, testing for ADHD, marital/ relationship conflicts, divorce, mental health, eating disorders, substance abuse, domestic violence, maturational stress, military lifestyle, interpersonal/intrapersonal conflicts, suicidal ideations, grief and loss, child/adult abuse, parent child -relational issues.
(571) 322-8293 View (571) 322-8293
Photo of Elizabeth Hussey, LPC, Clinical Supervisor, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Elizabeth Hussey, LPC, Clinical Supervisor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MS, MA
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22302  (Online Only)
The decision to start therapy is a huge, brave step in seeking to improve your life and make positive changes. As a compassionate and supportive therapist, I work to support your goals by learning your unique story and exploring your concerns and presenting issues in order to guide you to meaningful, beneficial outcomes. I primarily work with adolescent and young adult women and focus on helping individuals with a wide range of goals, such as improving family dynamics, building healthy romantic and peer relationships, learning positive coping strategies, improving self-esteem, and increasing self-confidence and resilience.
The decision to start therapy is a huge, brave step in seeking to improve your life and make positive changes. As a compassionate and supportive therapist, I work to support your goals by learning your unique story and exploring your concerns and presenting issues in order to guide you to meaningful, beneficial outcomes. I primarily work with adolescent and young adult women and focus on helping individuals with a wide range of goals, such as improving family dynamics, building healthy romantic and peer relationships, learning positive coping strategies, improving self-esteem, and increasing self-confidence and resilience.
(571) 451-2961 View (571) 451-2961
Photo of Susan Ross, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Susan Ross
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, LCSW-C, CCTP, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
I specialize in working with adults and teenagers who are struggling with trauma, mood disorders which includes depression and anxiety, as well as a variety of other co-occurring disorders. This includes the specialized field of Eating Disorders, and Family-Based therapy. Based on how a client presents themselves, I will tailor my interventions accordingly to ensure optimal treatment and support.
I specialize in working with adults and teenagers who are struggling with trauma, mood disorders which includes depression and anxiety, as well as a variety of other co-occurring disorders. This includes the specialized field of Eating Disorders, and Family-Based therapy. Based on how a client presents themselves, I will tailor my interventions accordingly to ensure optimal treatment and support.
(571) 200-6957 View (571) 200-6957
Photo of Isabelle Craddock, Resident in Counseling in Alexandria, VA
Isabelle Craddock
Resident in Counseling, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22302  (Online Only)
The decision to start therapy is not an easy one. It is a brave step toward working on making positive life changes. As a compassionate and supportive therapist, I work to support your goals by learning your story and exploring your concerns. I am to present issues in order to guide you to meaningful, beneficial outcomes that you can maintain. I primarily work with adolescent and young adults and focus on helping with a wide range of goals, such as improving self-esteem/image, building healthy relationships, learning positive coping strategies, increasing self-confidence, and resilience.
The decision to start therapy is not an easy one. It is a brave step toward working on making positive life changes. As a compassionate and supportive therapist, I work to support your goals by learning your story and exploring your concerns. I am to present issues in order to guide you to meaningful, beneficial outcomes that you can maintain. I primarily work with adolescent and young adults and focus on helping with a wide range of goals, such as improving self-esteem/image, building healthy relationships, learning positive coping strategies, increasing self-confidence, and resilience.
(571) 568-5814 View (571) 568-5814
Photo of Britt Lindon, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Britt Lindon
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Has it started to feel more like you are surviving life instead of living life? When stressors come from so many different directions, your life can start to resemble something you want to retreat from, not something you relish. It’s not surprising that you don’t feel like yourself, or maybe even actually like yourself, anymore. No wonder you spend more time in your head – your brain is probably desperately trying to find a way out of all this, a solution. Let me help. I show clients how they got here, as well as how to navigate a path out. Here, you can be honest about all the stickiest, raw parts of life and still feel valued.
Has it started to feel more like you are surviving life instead of living life? When stressors come from so many different directions, your life can start to resemble something you want to retreat from, not something you relish. It’s not surprising that you don’t feel like yourself, or maybe even actually like yourself, anymore. No wonder you spend more time in your head – your brain is probably desperately trying to find a way out of all this, a solution. Let me help. I show clients how they got here, as well as how to navigate a path out. Here, you can be honest about all the stickiest, raw parts of life and still feel valued.
(571) 487-8470 View (571) 487-8470
Photo of Cecilia Thurman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Cecilia Thurman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
I am board-certified Licensed Professional Counselor with over 10 years experience. I have substantial experience working with adults with a diverse range of demographic backgrounds and mental health needs. My goal is to help clients overcome difficult circumstances impacting their health and wellness. I work to help my clients uncover their strengths, develop resiliency and become an agent of change in their life. In my practice, I honor diversity and inclusion; I do this by offering supportive and affirming services to every individual I work with.
I am board-certified Licensed Professional Counselor with over 10 years experience. I have substantial experience working with adults with a diverse range of demographic backgrounds and mental health needs. My goal is to help clients overcome difficult circumstances impacting their health and wellness. I work to help my clients uncover their strengths, develop resiliency and become an agent of change in their life. In my practice, I honor diversity and inclusion; I do this by offering supportive and affirming services to every individual I work with.
(571) 253-7190 View (571) 253-7190
Photo of Amy Askew, Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Amy Askew
Counselor, LCPC, MS, IFS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Congratulations on taking the first step to building a better life. As an Internal Family Systems (IFS) trained licensed clinician from the IFS institute, I compassionately counsel adults to help them lead a more engaged and meaningful life. I work with clients struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, behavioral concerns, life transitions and productivity issues. Utilizing a very collaborative and interactive style, I empower my clients to uncover their authenticity while building new strengths and skills. I can help you make space in your life for more enjoyment, and meaning.
Congratulations on taking the first step to building a better life. As an Internal Family Systems (IFS) trained licensed clinician from the IFS institute, I compassionately counsel adults to help them lead a more engaged and meaningful life. I work with clients struggling with depression, anxiety, relationship issues, behavioral concerns, life transitions and productivity issues. Utilizing a very collaborative and interactive style, I empower my clients to uncover their authenticity while building new strengths and skills. I can help you make space in your life for more enjoyment, and meaning.
(410) 431-1782 View (410) 431-1782
Photo of Richelle Smallwood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Richelle Smallwood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
I am a dedicated and compassionate Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a solid foundation in social work, complemented by extensive education and over 11 years of professional experience. In 2009, I earned my bachelor's degree in social work from Elizabeth City State University, and in 2011, I furthered my commitment to the field by obtaining a master's degree in social work from East Carolina University. My professional journey has been marked by a steadfast dedication to improving the mental well-being of individuals across diverse age groups.
I am a dedicated and compassionate Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a solid foundation in social work, complemented by extensive education and over 11 years of professional experience. In 2009, I earned my bachelor's degree in social work from Elizabeth City State University, and in 2011, I furthered my commitment to the field by obtaining a master's degree in social work from East Carolina University. My professional journey has been marked by a steadfast dedication to improving the mental well-being of individuals across diverse age groups.
(571) 459-7872 View (571) 459-7872
Photo of Jorge Wallace, Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Jorge Wallace
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Jorge Wallace is a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP) and a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Virginia and Missouri who has over 15 years of experience in the mental health and social service fields. Jorge has taught and counseled adolescents, teens, and young adults throughout his career. He has vast experience in the areas of substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma, and veterans' issues. Jorge completed his undergraduate degree in Social Work at the University of Missouri-St. Louis and his master’s degree in Rehabilitation Counseling at Maryville University.
Jorge Wallace is a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP) and a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Virginia and Missouri who has over 15 years of experience in the mental health and social service fields. Jorge has taught and counseled adolescents, teens, and young adults throughout his career. He has vast experience in the areas of substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma, and veterans' issues. Jorge completed his undergraduate degree in Social Work at the University of Missouri-St. Louis and his master’s degree in Rehabilitation Counseling at Maryville University.
(571) 556-9864 View (571) 556-9864
Photo of Troy A Waller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Troy A Waller
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314
Dr. Troy Waller is a licensed professional counselor with 15 years of counseling experience. He specializes in helping adults through individual and couples therapy. Troy is trained in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for couples, a highly effective, research-validated approach to relationship improvement. In individual therapy, Troy uses solution-focused brief therapy. You'll find him to be supportive and offer specific tools that help you bounce back from roadblocks that keep you from being your best.
Dr. Troy Waller is a licensed professional counselor with 15 years of counseling experience. He specializes in helping adults through individual and couples therapy. Troy is trained in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for couples, a highly effective, research-validated approach to relationship improvement. In individual therapy, Troy uses solution-focused brief therapy. You'll find him to be supportive and offer specific tools that help you bounce back from roadblocks that keep you from being your best.
(703) 935-8996 View (703) 935-8996
Photo of Omega Wellness, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Omega Wellness
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22301
You belong to the LGBTQ community, and you seem to have been struggling all your life with being somehow different and up against discrimination, humiliation, even downright abuse.
You belong to the LGBTQ community, and you seem to have been struggling all your life with being somehow different and up against discrimination, humiliation, even downright abuse.
(202) 516-7511 View (202) 516-7511
Photo of Courtney Hale, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Courtney Hale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22301
Not accepting new clients
Healing, change, and growth are possible. Whatever you may have experienced or be experiencing, no matter what imprints you may carry, it is never too late to begin again. Depression, anxiety, stress - these are all real things that are held in the body and mind. The experience of this weight can be painful and isolating, inhibiting you from living the life you imagined. My goal is to help clients find the tools they need to define and live their lives as a person they truly love, and, by extension, to build healthy connections with those around them.
Healing, change, and growth are possible. Whatever you may have experienced or be experiencing, no matter what imprints you may carry, it is never too late to begin again. Depression, anxiety, stress - these are all real things that are held in the body and mind. The experience of this weight can be painful and isolating, inhibiting you from living the life you imagined. My goal is to help clients find the tools they need to define and live their lives as a person they truly love, and, by extension, to build healthy connections with those around them.
(703) 952-3644 View (703) 952-3644
Photo of Sarah Dowd, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Alexandria, VA
Sarah Dowd
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MSW, CSAC
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22304
Need help changing your life? I am the type of therapist for those individuals that don't have tons of time to figure out their past life issues. Through assessments, I am able to develop and implement a future focused plan with clear goals and an estimated timeframe for achievement. I am more of a non-traditional therapist & most of my clients have tried and failed at more traditional clinical therapy. My clients are usually referred by word of mouth as a last resort in hopes to establish major life change.
Need help changing your life? I am the type of therapist for those individuals that don't have tons of time to figure out their past life issues. Through assessments, I am able to develop and implement a future focused plan with clear goals and an estimated timeframe for achievement. I am more of a non-traditional therapist & most of my clients have tried and failed at more traditional clinical therapy. My clients are usually referred by word of mouth as a last resort in hopes to establish major life change.
(571) 489-0425 View (571) 489-0425
Photo of Clio Long, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Clio Long
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22306
Are you an intelligent, hardworking, good person? Are you unhappy, discouraged, thoroughly stuck? Not knowing where you are going or how to get there? It's your "emotional brain," who drives your life, often without your awareness, but does not speak the same language of your thoughts. That's why you often can't fix a problem, even when you very well know what it is. It's a communication break down. I will help your emotional brain get unstuck so you can have the life you want. I can help you conquer your fears, lift depression, be happy with yourself.
Are you an intelligent, hardworking, good person? Are you unhappy, discouraged, thoroughly stuck? Not knowing where you are going or how to get there? It's your "emotional brain," who drives your life, often without your awareness, but does not speak the same language of your thoughts. That's why you often can't fix a problem, even when you very well know what it is. It's a communication break down. I will help your emotional brain get unstuck so you can have the life you want. I can help you conquer your fears, lift depression, be happy with yourself.
(703) 691-5416 View (703) 691-5416
Photo of Dr. Barbara Hernandez, Clinical Psychologist, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Dr. Barbara Hernandez, Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, PhD, MS, LCP, CSOTP
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Are you or your teenager experiencing difficulty? In therapy, you can develop coping skills to address depression, anxiety, psychosis, addiction, eating disorders, trauma, and problematic sexual behaviors. You can reduce family conflict and live a healthier and more fulfilling life. Therapy will use evidence-based approaches for sustainable improvement. Contact me via phone, text, or email. I am looking forward to helping you! You are not alone.
Are you or your teenager experiencing difficulty? In therapy, you can develop coping skills to address depression, anxiety, psychosis, addiction, eating disorders, trauma, and problematic sexual behaviors. You can reduce family conflict and live a healthier and more fulfilling life. Therapy will use evidence-based approaches for sustainable improvement. Contact me via phone, text, or email. I am looking forward to helping you! You are not alone.
(571) 487-8850 View (571) 487-8850
Photo of Alexandra Dickson Hartz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alexandria, VA
Alexandra Dickson Hartz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Alexandria, VA 22314
Waitlist for new clients
Life transitions in relationships, career, and family, can overwhelm our typically competent ways of coping. I work with adults and adolescents on managing the anxiety, depression and other reactions to changes in their lives as they find a new understanding of themselves and build constructive, new coping skills.
Life transitions in relationships, career, and family, can overwhelm our typically competent ways of coping. I work with adults and adolescents on managing the anxiety, depression and other reactions to changes in their lives as they find a new understanding of themselves and build constructive, new coping skills.
(540) 947-1960 View (540) 947-1960
Photo of Natasha Benfer, Psychologist in Alexandria, VA
Natasha Benfer
Psychologist, PhD, PSYPACT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Alexandria, VA 22314  (Online Only)
I primarily work with clients with anxiety (including obsessive-compulsive disorder and specific phobias), PTSD, and moral injury. My clients tend to work in high-stress occupational settings, such as healthcare (medical doctors, nurses), law enforcement, and military (current or Veteran). I work best with people who have problems stemming from a desire to be in control all the time, extremely high standards leading to disappointment and self-doubt, and struggle to 'let things go.' My clients want to learn how they can function better in their life, without sacrificing their high standards. I can serve clients living in most states.
I primarily work with clients with anxiety (including obsessive-compulsive disorder and specific phobias), PTSD, and moral injury. My clients tend to work in high-stress occupational settings, such as healthcare (medical doctors, nurses), law enforcement, and military (current or Veteran). I work best with people who have problems stemming from a desire to be in control all the time, extremely high standards leading to disappointment and self-doubt, and struggle to 'let things go.' My clients want to learn how they can function better in their life, without sacrificing their high standards. I can serve clients living in most states.
(703) 440-7954 View (703) 440-7954

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Alexandria, VA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Alexandria, VA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
80% Self Esteem
76% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Cigna and Evernorth
62% Aetna

How Therapists in Alexandria, VA see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
14% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Alexandria?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.