Therapists in Portland, OR

View neighborhoods in Portland
Photo of Michelle Craig Lpc Llc, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Michelle Craig Lpc Llc
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97214  (Online Only)
Life, relationships, even moments, can be hard. It is often difficult to talk about what is going on inside, to find footing when it seems your life is crumbling. I will hold space for you, all yours, a hard thing to find in real life, and provide an opportunity for you to connect more deeply with yourself, heal and recover. We will work collaboratively to develop a healthier, happier you. This creates a natural domino effect into your life. You will learn skills, insight, see the negative dynamics that effect you consciously and unconsciously. This allows you to change, to integrate all the hurt pieces of you into a healthy whole.
Life, relationships, even moments, can be hard. It is often difficult to talk about what is going on inside, to find footing when it seems your life is crumbling. I will hold space for you, all yours, a hard thing to find in real life, and provide an opportunity for you to connect more deeply with yourself, heal and recover. We will work collaboratively to develop a healthier, happier you. This creates a natural domino effect into your life. You will learn skills, insight, see the negative dynamics that effect you consciously and unconsciously. This allows you to change, to integrate all the hurt pieces of you into a healthy whole.
(503) 832-5413 View (503) 832-5413
Photo of Kelly Mehigan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Kelly Mehigan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97213
I believe that the therapeutic relationship is at the core of individual and family work. When working with children, I believe in the power of play, art, and connection to build relationships and skill-build along with process challenging life events. I support families with increasing communication, building compassion and connection while honoring families’ inherent strengths and background. During individual therapy with adults, our work will be geared towards finding balance in navigating the unknown and building coping tools. In all aspects of my work I am committed to working from an anti-oppressive and affirming lens.
I believe that the therapeutic relationship is at the core of individual and family work. When working with children, I believe in the power of play, art, and connection to build relationships and skill-build along with process challenging life events. I support families with increasing communication, building compassion and connection while honoring families’ inherent strengths and background. During individual therapy with adults, our work will be geared towards finding balance in navigating the unknown and building coping tools. In all aspects of my work I am committed to working from an anti-oppressive and affirming lens.
(503) 461-8747 View (503) 461-8747
Photo of Nicole McDonald in Portland, OR
Nicole McDonald
MA
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97210
>Now accepting new clients!< You matter. And simply because you exist, you belong. This can be difficult to believe though if you have felt marginalized due to your neurodiversity, sexuality, or gender. I’m interested in exploring the marginalization you feel and helping you to find a sense of belonging in the world and in yourself. I want you to feel seen, heard, and understood. We might explore creatively through dreams, meditation, archetypes, enneagram type, or through somatic awareness.
>Now accepting new clients!< You matter. And simply because you exist, you belong. This can be difficult to believe though if you have felt marginalized due to your neurodiversity, sexuality, or gender. I’m interested in exploring the marginalization you feel and helping you to find a sense of belonging in the world and in yourself. I want you to feel seen, heard, and understood. We might explore creatively through dreams, meditation, archetypes, enneagram type, or through somatic awareness.
(971) 257-1606 View (971) 257-1606
Photo of Simone Lichty, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Simone Lichty
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97213  (Online Only)
I help people access greater psychological and emotional wellness by working through trauma, unhealthy relational patterns, and old beliefs. If you find that family or romantic relationships are difficult, you are socially isolated, your career or school performance is suffering, or you struggle with anxiety, depression or loss, therapy can help. Our work together can allow you to cultivate deeper self-understanding and acceptance, which are the stepping-stones to a more vital, engaged, and fulfilling life.
I help people access greater psychological and emotional wellness by working through trauma, unhealthy relational patterns, and old beliefs. If you find that family or romantic relationships are difficult, you are socially isolated, your career or school performance is suffering, or you struggle with anxiety, depression or loss, therapy can help. Our work together can allow you to cultivate deeper self-understanding and acceptance, which are the stepping-stones to a more vital, engaged, and fulfilling life.
(503) 782-1926 View (503) 782-1926
Photo of Ann Krueger, Professional Counselor Associate in Portland, OR
Ann Krueger
Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPCA
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97215  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Support for the curious. My counseling practice is centered around assisting clients in creating a deeper conscious connection to self. I guide clients into greater integration using mindful somatic psychotherapy (Hakomi), illuminating inner processes, disowned parts of self, well-practiced strategies for surviving and thriving, longings and desires, dreams and fears. With greater insight we can create a life in better alignment with ourselves. I work with an attachment and trauma-informed lens, and also use creative practices in my work. As an acupuncturist, philosophies from East Asian Medicine also inform my counseling work.
Support for the curious. My counseling practice is centered around assisting clients in creating a deeper conscious connection to self. I guide clients into greater integration using mindful somatic psychotherapy (Hakomi), illuminating inner processes, disowned parts of self, well-practiced strategies for surviving and thriving, longings and desires, dreams and fears. With greater insight we can create a life in better alignment with ourselves. I work with an attachment and trauma-informed lens, and also use creative practices in my work. As an acupuncturist, philosophies from East Asian Medicine also inform my counseling work.
(503) 483-8521 View (503) 483-8521
Photo of Katherine Jansen-Byrkit, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Katherine Jansen-Byrkit
Licensed Professional Counselor, MPH, LPC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97239
My style in working with clients is positive and direct. I believe wholeheartedly in the possibility of change, and that the deepest, most powerful change starts on the inside. As our core beliefs, patterns and awareness shifts, life on the outside begins to reflect those internal changes, resulting in greater satisfaction and meaning. My approach involves working in partnership with clients, using the counseling relationship as a catalist on the journey to healing and growth, both individually and in relationships.
My style in working with clients is positive and direct. I believe wholeheartedly in the possibility of change, and that the deepest, most powerful change starts on the inside. As our core beliefs, patterns and awareness shifts, life on the outside begins to reflect those internal changes, resulting in greater satisfaction and meaning. My approach involves working in partnership with clients, using the counseling relationship as a catalist on the journey to healing and growth, both individually and in relationships.
(503) 354-3153 View (503) 354-3153
Photo of Amy Altenberger, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Amy Altenberger
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97232
Grief and trauma. When experienced, these can define us. But it doesn’t have to be that way. People are also shaped by their families and culture, their experiences, and the stories they create about themselves. I too have experienced grief and trauma and through our work together, I will help you find your voice and create a new narrative – one of empowerment and self-acceptance.
Grief and trauma. When experienced, these can define us. But it doesn’t have to be that way. People are also shaped by their families and culture, their experiences, and the stories they create about themselves. I too have experienced grief and trauma and through our work together, I will help you find your voice and create a new narrative – one of empowerment and self-acceptance.
(503) 217-6082 View (503) 217-6082
Photo of Zoë Schwartz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Zoë Schwartz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, CSWA
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97230
I want to help you seek a more balanced life, build a greater sense of self acceptance, and develop the confidence to pursue growth. My goal as a therapist is to provide a supportive space where you can develop the skills necessary to enhance the quality of your life, heal from trauma and shame, and begin to live in greater alignment with your values. Using a strength-based therapeutic style centered around your knowledge and experience allows us to find strategies that will support you in managing unwanted symptoms. I value the importance that trust, humor, and transparency play in this process of exploration and change.
I want to help you seek a more balanced life, build a greater sense of self acceptance, and develop the confidence to pursue growth. My goal as a therapist is to provide a supportive space where you can develop the skills necessary to enhance the quality of your life, heal from trauma and shame, and begin to live in greater alignment with your values. Using a strength-based therapeutic style centered around your knowledge and experience allows us to find strategies that will support you in managing unwanted symptoms. I value the importance that trust, humor, and transparency play in this process of exploration and change.
(971) 290-1968 View (971) 290-1968
Photo of Percy Hawkes, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Percy Hawkes
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97202
Get better, heal, and integrate. My role is to help you become your fullest version of yourself. My ideal clients are ready to look at new ways of encountering old problems. I enjoy working with many identities, including my own LGBTQIA+ and Latinx communities. Relationships, sexuality, identity, trauma, anxiety, kink, and neurodiversity are recurrent therapy themes. At times in our lives it is key to have the competent support of an advocate to walk through tough life experiences. I see individuals, relationships, and groups.
Get better, heal, and integrate. My role is to help you become your fullest version of yourself. My ideal clients are ready to look at new ways of encountering old problems. I enjoy working with many identities, including my own LGBTQIA+ and Latinx communities. Relationships, sexuality, identity, trauma, anxiety, kink, and neurodiversity are recurrent therapy themes. At times in our lives it is key to have the competent support of an advocate to walk through tough life experiences. I see individuals, relationships, and groups.
(503) 461-8651 View (503) 461-8651
Photo of Cole Prophet, Licensed Professional Counselor in Portland, OR
Cole Prophet
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97215  (Online Only)
My clients grow to empathize with themselves and their partner(s); implement non-violent communication and boundary setting; and identify values, needs, and goals; and stabilize symptoms of depression, anxiety, mania, gender dysphoria, PTSD, and insomnia.
My clients grow to empathize with themselves and their partner(s); implement non-violent communication and boundary setting; and identify values, needs, and goals; and stabilize symptoms of depression, anxiety, mania, gender dysphoria, PTSD, and insomnia.
(503) 902-7952 View (503) 902-7952
Photo of Seth Chapman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Seth Chapman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CSAT
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205  (Online Only)
I help individuals and couples clarify and strengthen their relationship goals. Learning how to build more satisfying relationships leads to lasting change and empowerment. Old, less helpful ways of thinking are replaced with new, more realistic ideas of self-acceptance and how to rely on others. The result is a clearer picture of one's strengths, limitations, and belonging in the world.
I help individuals and couples clarify and strengthen their relationship goals. Learning how to build more satisfying relationships leads to lasting change and empowerment. Old, less helpful ways of thinking are replaced with new, more realistic ideas of self-acceptance and how to rely on others. The result is a clearer picture of one's strengths, limitations, and belonging in the world.
(971) 306-4814 View (971) 306-4814
Photo of Wendy Forrester, Marriage & Family Therapist in Portland, OR
Wendy Forrester
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97239
Does life seem too challenging and uncertain? Awake at 3am unable to quiet your mind. Overwhelmed by anxiety? Immobilized by depression? Possibly you abandon your feelings to defer to others. You may be outwardly successful yet that doesn't ease your inner distress. A voice in your mind reminds you of perceived shortcomings leaving you feeling inadequate. Discouraged from trying to move forward but feel stuck? Whatever you're experiencing you don’t have to face it alone. You’re a woman seeking a deeper understanding of yourself—in relationships, beyond responsibilities & self-defeating patterns which create barriers to intimacy.
Does life seem too challenging and uncertain? Awake at 3am unable to quiet your mind. Overwhelmed by anxiety? Immobilized by depression? Possibly you abandon your feelings to defer to others. You may be outwardly successful yet that doesn't ease your inner distress. A voice in your mind reminds you of perceived shortcomings leaving you feeling inadequate. Discouraged from trying to move forward but feel stuck? Whatever you're experiencing you don’t have to face it alone. You’re a woman seeking a deeper understanding of yourself—in relationships, beyond responsibilities & self-defeating patterns which create barriers to intimacy.
(971) 251-1173 View (971) 251-1173
Photo of Melanie Mamola, Professional Counselor Associate in Portland, OR
Melanie Mamola
Professional Counselor Associate, MA
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97267
Waitlist for new clients
The fact that you are here, browsing for a potential counselor, is a brave step in the direction of growth, and I would be honored to accompany you on this most heartfelt journey. I work with clients who are struggling with anxiety, depression, difficult life transitions, parenting issues, divorce, and feelings of low self-worth, as well as with those who are sober curious, in recovery, or who want to explore behavioral addictions.
The fact that you are here, browsing for a potential counselor, is a brave step in the direction of growth, and I would be honored to accompany you on this most heartfelt journey. I work with clients who are struggling with anxiety, depression, difficult life transitions, parenting issues, divorce, and feelings of low self-worth, as well as with those who are sober curious, in recovery, or who want to explore behavioral addictions.
(503) 486-3345 View (503) 486-3345
Photo of Kelsey Zettle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Kelsey Zettle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97204  (Online Only)
Feeling depressed and unmotivated? Anxious and plagued by ruminating thoughts? Feeling hopeless about your ability to improve? We will work together to establish concrete goals for your treatment, address external barriers and cognitive distortions halting progress, and build skills to manage your distress. My goal is to support you and provide more directive services, as needed, to help you attain your ideal level of functioning and most authentic self!
Feeling depressed and unmotivated? Anxious and plagued by ruminating thoughts? Feeling hopeless about your ability to improve? We will work together to establish concrete goals for your treatment, address external barriers and cognitive distortions halting progress, and build skills to manage your distress. My goal is to support you and provide more directive services, as needed, to help you attain your ideal level of functioning and most authentic self!
(971) 206-6314 View (971) 206-6314
Photo of City of Roses Psychological Services, Psychologist in Portland, OR
City of Roses Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD, HSP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97232  (Online Only)
I work with patients from all walks of lives and backgrounds with a wide variety of concerns including: Anxiety, Depression, Identity Concerns, Men's issues, Life Transitions, and ADHD. I am an ADHD certified clinical services provider (ADHD-CCSP) and a Health Service Psychologist (HSP). See my website for more information. I do not provide ADHD evaluations or do HRT letters.
I work with patients from all walks of lives and backgrounds with a wide variety of concerns including: Anxiety, Depression, Identity Concerns, Men's issues, Life Transitions, and ADHD. I am an ADHD certified clinical services provider (ADHD-CCSP) and a Health Service Psychologist (HSP). See my website for more information. I do not provide ADHD evaluations or do HRT letters.
(503) 832-5120 View (503) 832-5120
Photo of Tamar Kaplan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Tamar Kaplan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97221  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with adults going through life stage transitions, specifically older adults ages 65+ as well as Millennial/Gen Z young professionals. I help people with anxiety, stress, depression, career changes, chronic illness, low self-esteem, and loneliness. I work with people who have been in therapy before as well as people who are trying therapy for the first time- both are wonderful and both are welcome!
I specialize in working with adults going through life stage transitions, specifically older adults ages 65+ as well as Millennial/Gen Z young professionals. I help people with anxiety, stress, depression, career changes, chronic illness, low self-esteem, and loneliness. I work with people who have been in therapy before as well as people who are trying therapy for the first time- both are wonderful and both are welcome!
(971) 265-8669 View (971) 265-8669
Photo of Katharine M. Doel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Katharine M. Doel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97205
Not accepting new clients
Do you seek a place where you can feel safe enough to express worrying emotions, thoughts, and experiences that you may not typically reveal? Are you finding it difficult to resolve and manage these issues on your own? I offer a secure space for working through a range of issues and symptoms. My style is collaborative and curious. I listen carefully and we work together to explore and make sense of what you are experiencing. This deeper awareness can result in an inner freedom, improved relationships, and more satisfying ways of living.
Do you seek a place where you can feel safe enough to express worrying emotions, thoughts, and experiences that you may not typically reveal? Are you finding it difficult to resolve and manage these issues on your own? I offer a secure space for working through a range of issues and symptoms. My style is collaborative and curious. I listen carefully and we work together to explore and make sense of what you are experiencing. This deeper awareness can result in an inner freedom, improved relationships, and more satisfying ways of living.
(503) 967-8117 View (503) 967-8117
Photo of Heidi Brockman-Astrue, Counselor in Portland, OR
Heidi Brockman-Astrue
Counselor, LPC, LMHC, MAC
Verified Verified
Portland, OR 97205  (Online Only)
There is hope! Things can be better... I like to begin with an idea of how things might be improve in a client's life, if the identified problems were addressed. Together, we will find paths to healing. My pragmatic, nurturing approach seems to help clients who are struggling with feelings of being overwhelmed or just plain stuck. I believe that my clients deserve to be heard and participate actively in their therapeutic process to facilitate great change.
There is hope! Things can be better... I like to begin with an idea of how things might be improve in a client's life, if the identified problems were addressed. Together, we will find paths to healing. My pragmatic, nurturing approach seems to help clients who are struggling with feelings of being overwhelmed or just plain stuck. I believe that my clients deserve to be heard and participate actively in their therapeutic process to facilitate great change.
(971) 251-4689 View (971) 251-4689
Photo of Elizabeth Sumpf, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Elizabeth Sumpf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RYT-200, TCYM
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97214  (Online Only)
Does it feel like you wear a mask in everyday life? As if there’s a disconnect between your true self and what you show to others. Maybe you feel disconnected from yourself and uncertain what it even means to feel connected to your body and aligned with your soul. Do you want to be guided by your intuition but feel it’s clouded by fear and shame? Does a judgmental inner critic control most of your thoughts and you don’t know how to stop it? You have awareness that things need to change and now it’s exploring how to make these changes. As Thich Nhat Hanh said, “Mindfulness must be engaged. Once there is seeing, there must be acting."
Does it feel like you wear a mask in everyday life? As if there’s a disconnect between your true self and what you show to others. Maybe you feel disconnected from yourself and uncertain what it even means to feel connected to your body and aligned with your soul. Do you want to be guided by your intuition but feel it’s clouded by fear and shame? Does a judgmental inner critic control most of your thoughts and you don’t know how to stop it? You have awareness that things need to change and now it’s exploring how to make these changes. As Thich Nhat Hanh said, “Mindfulness must be engaged. Once there is seeing, there must be acting."
(954) 715-6050 View (954) 715-6050
Photo of Dora Vanderpool, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Portland, OR
Dora Vanderpool
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97266  (Online Only)
Updated 9/12/23: Accepting new virtual clients. - By deciding to engage in therapy you have already made a commitment to bettering yourself and initiating change. Let’s celebrate that! Taking a meaningful look at our day-to-day lives and pasts can be daunting-let’s create a tender and safe atmosphere to wade through this process together. Too often, our mental health challenges are reduced to diagnosis, labels, and text-book definitions that don’t quite fit—my approach departs from these systems and is more rooted in holistic and relational healing.
Updated 9/12/23: Accepting new virtual clients. - By deciding to engage in therapy you have already made a commitment to bettering yourself and initiating change. Let’s celebrate that! Taking a meaningful look at our day-to-day lives and pasts can be daunting-let’s create a tender and safe atmosphere to wade through this process together. Too often, our mental health challenges are reduced to diagnosis, labels, and text-book definitions that don’t quite fit—my approach departs from these systems and is more rooted in holistic and relational healing.
(503) 843-8630 View (503) 843-8630

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Portland, OR

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Portland, OR who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
74% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
68% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

54% PacificSource
47% Aetna
38% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Portland, OR see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Portland?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.