Therapists in Lincoln, NE

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Photo of Krystyn Schmidt, Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Krystyn Schmidt
Counselor, MA, LIMHP, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68506
Waitlist for new clients
My priority is to help you find peace and transformation in whatever capacity that means for you. Whether you are looking to manage anxiety or depression, address trauma or self-esteem issues, we will work together to find an outcome that meets your needs, values and highest self.
My priority is to help you find peace and transformation in whatever capacity that means for you. Whether you are looking to manage anxiety or depression, address trauma or self-esteem issues, we will work together to find an outcome that meets your needs, values and highest self.
(531) 208-1711 View (531) 208-1711
Photo of Miranda Blackwell, Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Miranda Blackwell
Counselor, MS, LMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68506
I enjoy working with people of all ages and creating a safe space; from a former client, "I never had the fear of being judged. I could just talk and Miranda would listen. She always had the logical thing to say and knew what I needed to hear at that moment even the hard things! It never felt like therapy to me and I think that was why I felt so comfortable. It was nice to know someone was listening."
I enjoy working with people of all ages and creating a safe space; from a former client, "I never had the fear of being judged. I could just talk and Miranda would listen. She always had the logical thing to say and knew what I needed to hear at that moment even the hard things! It never felt like therapy to me and I think that was why I felt so comfortable. It was nice to know someone was listening."
(402) 242-5346 View (402) 242-5346
Photo of Matt Webster, Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Matt Webster
Counselor, PLMHP, MA
Verified Verified
Lincoln, NE 68508
Life has a way of letting us know when it is time to reach out. Are you feeling overwhelmed, burdened, stressed, and ready for change, but not sure where to begin? Do you feel you have more to offer, but feel stuck? Then counseling is the right setting to have a conversation that may open doors to problem solving and provide tools for guidance. Growing up working in the family restaurant and being active as a student athlete, I didn't have the tools to manage the stress around me. While I was helping others to perform as a personal trainer, I knew I needed to become a counselor to help in a more wholistic way.
Life has a way of letting us know when it is time to reach out. Are you feeling overwhelmed, burdened, stressed, and ready for change, but not sure where to begin? Do you feel you have more to offer, but feel stuck? Then counseling is the right setting to have a conversation that may open doors to problem solving and provide tools for guidance. Growing up working in the family restaurant and being active as a student athlete, I didn't have the tools to manage the stress around me. While I was helping others to perform as a personal trainer, I knew I needed to become a counselor to help in a more wholistic way.
(531) 571-3779 View (531) 571-3779
Photo of Cassy Blakely in Lincoln, NE
Cassy Blakely
PLMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68506
Waitlist for new clients
You are not broken. No one is. Still it can feel that way sometimes. Chances are, you're actually a capable, talented, and lovable person dealing with a crappy situation (or bunch of situations) or life just isn't what you want it to be. I want to understand how you see yourself, explore what isn't working, and define what success means for you (not what others' or society has told you). We will explore the ways you've overcome hard things before and test out new tools, until we find what works specifically for you. My most important job is to reflect your strengths and beauty back to you and help you put these skills to work.
You are not broken. No one is. Still it can feel that way sometimes. Chances are, you're actually a capable, talented, and lovable person dealing with a crappy situation (or bunch of situations) or life just isn't what you want it to be. I want to understand how you see yourself, explore what isn't working, and define what success means for you (not what others' or society has told you). We will explore the ways you've overcome hard things before and test out new tools, until we find what works specifically for you. My most important job is to reflect your strengths and beauty back to you and help you put these skills to work.
(402) 698-3955 x2018 View (402) 698-3955 x2018
Photo of Leslie Richardson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Lincoln, NE
Leslie Richardson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LIMHP, LMFT, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68502
Waitlist for new clients
Waitlist until mid July - Combing through the LONG list of therapists can be overwhelming, let alone making the decision to start therapy! I am sensitive to the strength and vulnerability that it takes to make the decision to take the leap. I believe that every negative event is an opportunity for growth! My goal is to provide you with the tools and support to help you attain your goals and get your life back on track.
Waitlist until mid July - Combing through the LONG list of therapists can be overwhelming, let alone making the decision to start therapy! I am sensitive to the strength and vulnerability that it takes to make the decision to take the leap. I believe that every negative event is an opportunity for growth! My goal is to provide you with the tools and support to help you attain your goals and get your life back on track.
(531) 201-8398 View (531) 201-8398
Photo of Kyle Wockenfuss, Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Kyle Wockenfuss
Counselor, MA, LIMHP, CPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Lincoln, NE 68512
I am Kyle Wockenfuss, a licensed mental health practitioner in the state of Nebraska and I am pleased you are considering taking control of your wellness. I firmly believe we all have the capacity to have a healthy, meaningful, and satisfying life regardless of the challenges we sometimes encounter. For these reasons, among others, I became a professional counselor and educator. I have worked in a variety of placements, including college-counseling centers, inpatient services, and in private practice.
I am Kyle Wockenfuss, a licensed mental health practitioner in the state of Nebraska and I am pleased you are considering taking control of your wellness. I firmly believe we all have the capacity to have a healthy, meaningful, and satisfying life regardless of the challenges we sometimes encounter. For these reasons, among others, I became a professional counselor and educator. I have worked in a variety of placements, including college-counseling centers, inpatient services, and in private practice.
(531) 208-1295 View (531) 208-1295
Photo of Duol Wuow Rut, Licensed Professional Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Duol Wuow Rut
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LIMHP, LPC
Verified Verified
Lincoln, NE 68508
I strongly believe that therapy should not be limited to addressing immediate issues, but should also focus on long-term growth and fulfillment. In my practice, I encourage my clients to explore their goals and aspirations and work towards leading more fulfilling lives. By identifying their values and strengths, they can make meaningful changes and create a life that aligns with their true selves. If you or someone you know needs support, I am here to help. Whether you are struggling with PTSD, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or any other mental health concern, I want to support you on your path to a more fulfilling life.
I strongly believe that therapy should not be limited to addressing immediate issues, but should also focus on long-term growth and fulfillment. In my practice, I encourage my clients to explore their goals and aspirations and work towards leading more fulfilling lives. By identifying their values and strengths, they can make meaningful changes and create a life that aligns with their true selves. If you or someone you know needs support, I am here to help. Whether you are struggling with PTSD, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or any other mental health concern, I want to support you on your path to a more fulfilling life.
(531) 233-2591 View (531) 233-2591
Photo of Couple and Family Clinic at UNL, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Lincoln, NE
Couple and Family Clinic at UNL
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Lincoln, NE 68503
Waitlist for new clients
Everyone deserves access to affordable mental health. The Couple and Family Clinic at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln understands the need for hope, compassion, and support when life’s problems seem overwhelming. Our clinic provides in-person and telehealth therapy services to those struggling with relationships, parenting, depression, anxiety, symptoms of trauma, grief and loss, social skills, and more. Our therapy interns are trained to provide culturally humble, responsive, affirmative, and inclusive evidence-based treatments for individuals, couples, and families.
Everyone deserves access to affordable mental health. The Couple and Family Clinic at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln understands the need for hope, compassion, and support when life’s problems seem overwhelming. Our clinic provides in-person and telehealth therapy services to those struggling with relationships, parenting, depression, anxiety, symptoms of trauma, grief and loss, social skills, and more. Our therapy interns are trained to provide culturally humble, responsive, affirmative, and inclusive evidence-based treatments for individuals, couples, and families.
(402) 674-4883 View (402) 674-4883
Photo of Cheryl Waity, Marriage & Family Therapist in Lincoln, NE
Cheryl Waity
Marriage & Family Therapist, LIMFT, LIMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68506
Are you struggling with feelings of anxiety, depression, or hopelessness? Do you long for more satisfying relationships? Have you tried to make meaningful changes in your life with little to no success? These issues can feel isolating and frightening, but you are not alone. You are stronger and more resilient than you think, and you have already taken an important step toward improving your health by exploring your treatment options. Whether this decision took you a week or a decade to make, you are one step closer to a healthier you. Contact Cheryl today to take the next step toward improving your health.
Are you struggling with feelings of anxiety, depression, or hopelessness? Do you long for more satisfying relationships? Have you tried to make meaningful changes in your life with little to no success? These issues can feel isolating and frightening, but you are not alone. You are stronger and more resilient than you think, and you have already taken an important step toward improving your health by exploring your treatment options. Whether this decision took you a week or a decade to make, you are one step closer to a healthier you. Contact Cheryl today to take the next step toward improving your health.
(531) 208-1360 View (531) 208-1360
Photo of Johna Stephens, Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Johna Stephens
Counselor, LIMHP, LADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68506
I use a client-centered, holistic approach and believe that the client already has the answers to challenges and problems. My job as the therapist is to support the client in discovering those answers. I have over 15 years of experience in the mental health field working with anxiety and depression. I have ten years working with co-occurring disorders (substance abuse and mental health disorders), conducting evaluations and providing treatment. I have two and a half years of experience working with Employee Assistance and I am a DOT Qualified Substance Abuse Provider.
I use a client-centered, holistic approach and believe that the client already has the answers to challenges and problems. My job as the therapist is to support the client in discovering those answers. I have over 15 years of experience in the mental health field working with anxiety and depression. I have ten years working with co-occurring disorders (substance abuse and mental health disorders), conducting evaluations and providing treatment. I have two and a half years of experience working with Employee Assistance and I am a DOT Qualified Substance Abuse Provider.
(402) 940-8262 View (402) 940-8262
Photo of Brenda Rohren, Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Brenda Rohren
Counselor, MA, MFS, LIMHP, LADC, MAC, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
Lincoln, NE 68510  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Treatment of Trauma, PTSD, Dissociation, and Substance Use. Trauma-informed services are provided in a way that is safe, supportive, and empowering. Primary treatment goals are to help you: identify & reduce triggers; decrease anxiety, depression, and dissociation; improve relationships with yourself and others; increase your overall life satisfaction. My focus is to help individuals heal from difficult life situations. People often face overwhelming challenges. No matter what happens in life, we always have choices.
Treatment of Trauma, PTSD, Dissociation, and Substance Use. Trauma-informed services are provided in a way that is safe, supportive, and empowering. Primary treatment goals are to help you: identify & reduce triggers; decrease anxiety, depression, and dissociation; improve relationships with yourself and others; increase your overall life satisfaction. My focus is to help individuals heal from difficult life situations. People often face overwhelming challenges. No matter what happens in life, we always have choices.
(402) 486-1101 View (402) 486-1101
Photo of Troy Heath, Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Troy Heath
Counselor, LIMHP, CPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68508
My heart as a counselor is to meet my clients where they are. I believe that we are all on a journey of growth with a desire to improve our emotional health. Every once in a while we get to a place where we feel stuck and sometimes being stuck is painful. That is where a qualified therapist can come into the picture and help you identify goals and process past hurts. I strive to provide a safe place where my clients can work through these issues free of judgement.
My heart as a counselor is to meet my clients where they are. I believe that we are all on a journey of growth with a desire to improve our emotional health. Every once in a while we get to a place where we feel stuck and sometimes being stuck is painful. That is where a qualified therapist can come into the picture and help you identify goals and process past hurts. I strive to provide a safe place where my clients can work through these issues free of judgement.
(531) 208-1735 View (531) 208-1735
Photo of Allison L Bitz, Psychologist in Lincoln, NE
Allison L Bitz
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68502
Not accepting new clients
Hello! I know starting therapy can feel scary, but therapy itself doesn’t have to be. My clients have often told me that they feel safe, respected, and understood. I'm down-to-earth, genuine, and transparent in my approach, as I don't believe that therapy should be a mysterious process. (To learn more about me, visit my website!)
Hello! I know starting therapy can feel scary, but therapy itself doesn’t have to be. My clients have often told me that they feel safe, respected, and understood. I'm down-to-earth, genuine, and transparent in my approach, as I don't believe that therapy should be a mysterious process. (To learn more about me, visit my website!)
(402) 509-8648 View (402) 509-8648
Photo of Jordan F. Graham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Lincoln, NE
Jordan F. Graham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LIMHP, PMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68504
Talking about mental health can be a sensitive topic, but my goal is to provide a safe non-judgmental space where you can explore and prioritize yourself and your mental well-being at your pace. I am dedicated to supporting individuals who have experienced trauma and helping them heal and thrive. My commitment extends to collaborating with children (2-12), adolescents (13-18), and families to cultivate positive transformations, genuine happiness, and stronger, healthier relationships. Additionally, I devote my time to Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), where I aim to improve and create secure connections and environment.
Talking about mental health can be a sensitive topic, but my goal is to provide a safe non-judgmental space where you can explore and prioritize yourself and your mental well-being at your pace. I am dedicated to supporting individuals who have experienced trauma and helping them heal and thrive. My commitment extends to collaborating with children (2-12), adolescents (13-18), and families to cultivate positive transformations, genuine happiness, and stronger, healthier relationships. Additionally, I devote my time to Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), where I aim to improve and create secure connections and environment.
(402) 347-2326 View (402) 347-2326
Photo of Multicultural Youth and Family Counseling, Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Multicultural Youth and Family Counseling
Counselor, MA, LMHP, LIMHP, LPC, LADC
Verified Verified
Lincoln, NE 68504
I am uniqely qualified in treating youth and family with mental health and substance abuse issues. I will assist family in maintaining appropriate parent-child boundaries and recognizing how feelings are connected to misbehavior.
I am uniqely qualified in treating youth and family with mental health and substance abuse issues. I will assist family in maintaining appropriate parent-child boundaries and recognizing how feelings are connected to misbehavior.
(402) 261-7017 View (402) 261-7017
James M Blanchard
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LADC, CDGC
Verified Verified
Lincoln, NE 68510
I have a passion for helping people who are in need. I want to help them develop the skills necessary to do whatever it is they want to do. In my field, that's often a goal of sobriety and recovery. It's not for me to decide what is best for my clients. I try to help them determine if their current actions help or hinder their own goals in life. I offer a place where my clients can be themselves without receiving any judgement from me. I help clients in their areas of need, and in the areas in which they want help. I believe an honest, caring therapeutic relationship is important to provide the help my clients need.
I have a passion for helping people who are in need. I want to help them develop the skills necessary to do whatever it is they want to do. In my field, that's often a goal of sobriety and recovery. It's not for me to decide what is best for my clients. I try to help them determine if their current actions help or hinder their own goals in life. I offer a place where my clients can be themselves without receiving any judgement from me. I help clients in their areas of need, and in the areas in which they want help. I believe an honest, caring therapeutic relationship is important to provide the help my clients need.
(402) 539-5237 View (402) 539-5237
Photo of Stephani McKee, Provisional Mental Health Practitioner in Lincoln, NE
Stephani McKee
Provisional Mental Health Practitioner, MS, PLMHP, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68516
Are you struggling with anxiety and depression due to life transitions such as divorce, infertility, the death of a loved one, college stress or the loss of a dream, and seeking Christian counseling? Have you experienced trauma in your life and you feel stuck under the weight of worry and fear? Are “shoulds” and “musts” leaving you paralyzed with thoughts of “I’m not good enough” and “I don’t matter”? Often people wait to reach out until they feel depleted, resentful, and ashamed. I believe we get stuck due to our thinking, and the way we get unstuck is to change our thinking! But is it possible? Yes! It doesn't have to be this way!
Are you struggling with anxiety and depression due to life transitions such as divorce, infertility, the death of a loved one, college stress or the loss of a dream, and seeking Christian counseling? Have you experienced trauma in your life and you feel stuck under the weight of worry and fear? Are “shoulds” and “musts” leaving you paralyzed with thoughts of “I’m not good enough” and “I don’t matter”? Often people wait to reach out until they feel depleted, resentful, and ashamed. I believe we get stuck due to our thinking, and the way we get unstuck is to change our thinking! But is it possible? Yes! It doesn't have to be this way!
(402) 698-4892 View (402) 698-4892
Photo of Krysta Wood (Hunt), Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Krysta Wood (Hunt)
Counselor, MA, LIMHP, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68516  (Online Only)
Every person has the potential to create positive change in their life. Sometimes it can be overwhelming or unclear. Knowing where to start is often most difficult. Good news, you don't have to do this alone. When you start therapy with Krysta you're no longer navigating change or uncertainty on your own. I will work alongside you to clarify goals, identify strengths, and create a plan for true change in your life. I have experience working with adolescents, adults, couples, and families with various mental health and substance use diagnoses experiencing a variety of life changes and challenges.
Every person has the potential to create positive change in their life. Sometimes it can be overwhelming or unclear. Knowing where to start is often most difficult. Good news, you don't have to do this alone. When you start therapy with Krysta you're no longer navigating change or uncertainty on your own. I will work alongside you to clarify goals, identify strengths, and create a plan for true change in your life. I have experience working with adolescents, adults, couples, and families with various mental health and substance use diagnoses experiencing a variety of life changes and challenges.
(402) 347-4617 View (402) 347-4617
Photo of Barbara Bradford, Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Barbara Bradford
Counselor, LCSW, LIMHP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lincoln, NE 68510  (Online Only)
Are you tired of listening to that committee in your head - you know, the one that says you are stupid or wrong or that you're not worthy and don't fit in? At Cerebral Landscaping, we are all about embracing our quirks, whether it's being as neurodiverse as a Rubik's Cube, having more issues than People magazine, or wanting a self-esteem boost. Sometimes, if we hear something enough, we can think it's true. This often happens with negative messages we hear or tell ourselves. We are not here to endure or cause suffering. Together, we can find another way.
Are you tired of listening to that committee in your head - you know, the one that says you are stupid or wrong or that you're not worthy and don't fit in? At Cerebral Landscaping, we are all about embracing our quirks, whether it's being as neurodiverse as a Rubik's Cube, having more issues than People magazine, or wanting a self-esteem boost. Sometimes, if we hear something enough, we can think it's true. This often happens with negative messages we hear or tell ourselves. We are not here to endure or cause suffering. Together, we can find another way.
(402) 940-7874 View (402) 940-7874
Photo of Patty Kimberly-Martinez, Counselor in Lincoln, NE
Patty Kimberly-Martinez
Counselor, MA, LIMHP, LCP
Verified Verified
Lincoln, NE 68510
Every person wants happiness and contentment, but we also face challenges that leaves us confused, or even stuck. I realize it may not always be easy coming to a therapist, but personal growth, empowerment, and feeling whole are wonderful gifts to yourself. My hope is to foster trust by providing a safe environment to make sense of thoughts, feelings and pain. I love what I do and feel honored to gain your trust and hear about life, joys, and struggles.
Every person wants happiness and contentment, but we also face challenges that leaves us confused, or even stuck. I realize it may not always be easy coming to a therapist, but personal growth, empowerment, and feeling whole are wonderful gifts to yourself. My hope is to foster trust by providing a safe environment to make sense of thoughts, feelings and pain. I love what I do and feel honored to gain your trust and hear about life, joys, and struggles.
(402) 620-6071 View (402) 620-6071

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Lincoln, NE

300+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Lincoln, NE who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
87% Depression
75% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
66% Medicaid

How Therapists in Lincoln, NE see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Lincoln?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.